Table 1 RF EMF effects on cognitive performance in studies with a within-subject design.

Aalto et al.

2006* [1]

902 MHz (217 Hz),

577 μs pulse width,

0.25 W mean power,

SAR_{10 g} = 0.743 W/kg,

SAR_peak = 1.51 W/kg

n.s.

Cinel et al.

2008 [64]

a) 888 MHz GSM,

SAR_avg = 1.4 W/kg,

SAR_peak = 11.2 W/kg

b) 888 MHz CW,

SAR_avg = 1.4 W/kg

Experiment 1:

n.s.

Experiment 2:

↓ RT (Stroop Task,

"control" condition)

Croft et al.

2002** [21]

900 MHz (217 Hz),

577 μs pulse width,

3-4 mW mean power

(Nokia 5110)

n.s.

Curcio et al.

2004 [26]

902 MHz (217 Hz),

0.25 W mean power,

↑ Speed (Acoustic

Simple Reaction Time

Task)

SAR = 0.5 W/kg

(Moto Timeport 260)

↑ Speed to targets

(Acoustic Choice

Reaction Time Task)

Curcio et al.

2008 [20]

902.40 MHz (217 Hz),

0.25 W mean power,

SAR = 0.5 W/kg

(Moto Timeport 260)

n.s.

Eliyahu et al.

2006 [30]

890.2 MHz,

577 μs pulse width,

2 W peak power

(Nokia 5110)

↑ RT with left hand (left

side exposure, 2^nd

session, Spatial Item

Recognition Task)

Freude et al.

2000** [49]

916.2 MHz (217 Hz),

577 μs pulse width,

2.8 W peak power,

SAR_{1 g} = 1.42 W/kg,

SAR_{10 g} = 0.882 W/kg

Experiment 1:

n.s.

Experiment 2:

n.s.

Haarala et al.

2003a* [60]

902 MHz (217 Hz),

577 μs pulse width,

0.25 W mean power,

SAR_{10 g} = 0.993 W/kg,

SAR_peak = 2 W/kg

(Moto Timeport 260)

n.s.

Haarala et al.

2003b [23]

902 MHz (217 Hz),

577 μs pulse width,

0.25 W mean power,

SAR_{1 g} = 0.88 W/kg,

SAR_peak = 1.2 W/kg

Experiment 1:

n.s.

Experiment 2:

n.s.

Haarala et al.

2004 [24]

902 MHz (217 Hz),

577 μs pulse width,

0.25 W mean power,

SAR_{10 g} = 0.99 W/kg,

SAR_peak = 2.07 W/kg

(Nokia 6110)

Experiment 1:

n.s.

Experiment 2:

n.s.

Haarala et al.

2005 [22]

902 MHz (217 Hz),

577 μs pulse width,

0.25 W mean power,

SAR_{1 g} = 1.44 W/kg,

SAR_{10 g} = 0.99 W/kg,

SAR_peak = 2.07 W/kg

n.s.

Haarala et al.

2007 [48]

a) 902 MHz (217 Hz),

577 μs pulse width,

0.25 W mean power,

b) 902 MHz CW,

0.25 W power

n.s.

a) b) SAR_{1 g} = 1.1 W/kg

SAR_{10 g} = 0.738 W/kg,

SAR_peak = 1.18 W/kg

(Nokia 6110)

Hamblin et al.

2004** [17]

894.6 MHz (217 Hz),

576 μs pulse width,

2 W peak power,

SAR = 0.87 W/kg

(estimated, modified

Nokia 6110)

↑ RT (Auditory Oddball

task)

Hamblin et al.

2006** [25]

895 MHz (217 Hz),

576 μs pulse width,

2 W peak power,

SAR_{10 g} = 0.11 W/kg

(modified Nokia 6110)

n.s. (one result not

reported)

Hinrichs

& Heinze 2004**

[58]

1870 MHz (217 Hz),

0.125 W mean power,

1 W peak power

SAR_{1 g} = 1.14 W/kg,

SAR_{10 g} = 0.61 W/kg

n.s.

Jech et al.

2001** [27]

900 MHz (2, 8,

217 Hz),

577 μs pulse width,

2 W max. power,

SAR_{10 g} = 0.06 W/kg,

(Moto d520)

↓ RT to targets

Keetley et al.

2006 [31]

0.25 W mean power

(Nokia p6110)

Sham: standby-mode

↓ Performance variable

7, ↓ retrieval efficiency

(Rey's Audio Visual

Learning Test)

↓ Performance (TMT A),

↑ performance (TMT B)

↑ RT (RT Task)

↑ RT (Choice RT Task)

Kleinlogel et al.

2008** [63]

a) 900 MHz (GSM, 2,

8, 217 Hz),

b) 1950 MHz (UMTS),

GSM and UMTS high:

psSAR_{10 g} = 1 W/kg

UMTS low:

psSAR_{10 g} = 0.1 W/kg

n.s.

Koivisto et al.

2000a [14]

902 MHz (217 Hz),

577 μs pulse width,

0.25 W mean power

↓ RT to targets (3-Back

Task)

Koivisto et al.

2000b [15]

902 MHz (217 Hz),

577 μs pulse width,

0.25 W mean power

↓ RT (Simple RT Task)

↓ RT, ↓ false alarms

(Vigilance Task)

↓ Subtraction time

(Subtraction Task)

Krause et al.

2000a** [51]

902 MHz (217 Hz),

577 μs pulse width,

0.25 W mean power

(Nokia phone)

n.s.

Krause et al.

2000b** [54]

902 MHz (217 Hz),

577 μs pulse width,

0.25 W mean power,

SAR < 2 W/kg

(manufacturer info)

(Nokia phone)

n.s.

Krause et al.

2004** [18]

902 MHz (217 Hz),

577 μs pulse width,

0.25 W mean power,

SAR_{1 g} = 0.878 mW/kg,

SAR_{10 g} = 0.648 mW/kg

(Nokia phone)

↑ Error rates (mean

percentage of incorrect

answers; Modified

Sternberg Task)

Krause et al.

2007** [50]

a) 902 MHz (217 Hz)

577 μs pulse width,

0.25 W mean power

b) 902 MHz CW,

0.25 W mean power

a) b) SAR_{1 g} = 1.1 W/kg,

SAR_{10 g} = 0.738 W/kg,

SAR_peak = 1.18 W/kg

(Nokia 6110)

Experiment 1:

n.s.

Experiment 2:

n.s.

Preece et al.

1999 [16]

a) 915 MHz (217 Hz),

0.25 W mean power,

b) 915 MHz analogue,

1 W mean power

Experiment 1:

↓ RT (Choice RT Task)

(exposure b))

Experiment 2:

↓ RT (Choice RT Task)

(exposure b))

Preece et al.

2005 [52]

902 MHz,

a) 0 W power

b) 0.25 W peak power

c) 2 W peak power

SAR_max.brain = 0.28 W/kg

(Nokia 3110)

n.s. (after Bonferroni

correction)

Regel et al.

2007a [11]

a) 900 MHz (2, 8, 217,

1736 Hz),

12.5% duty cycle

b) 900 MHz CW

a) b) psSAR_{10 g} = 1 W/kg

↓ Speed (2-, 3-Back

Task)

↑ Accuracy (3-Back

Task)

(exposure a))

Regel et al.

2007b [12]

900 MHz (2, 8, 217,

1736 Hz),

12.5% duty cycle

a) psSAR_{10 g} = 0.2 W/kg

b) psSAR_{10 g} = 5 W/kg

↓ Speed (1-Back Task,

dose-dependent)

↑ Accuracy (1^st session

2-Back at 0.2 W/kg)

Rodina et al.

2005 [19]

450 MHz (7 Hz),

50% duty cycle,

1 W output power,

SAR = 0.0095 W/kg

↑ Errors (Visual

Masking Task)

Russo et al.

2006 [53]

a) 888 MHz GSM,

SAR_avg = 1.4 W/kg,

SAR_peak = 11.2 W/kg

b) 888 MHz CW,

SAR_avg = 1.4 W/kg

Sham

SAR < 0.002 W/kg

n.s.

Schmid et al.

2005 [59]

1970 MHz (5 MHz),

a) High exp:

avSAR_{1 g} = 0.63 W/kg

avSAR_{10 g} = 0.37 W/kg

b) Low exp:

1/10 of High exp

c) Sham

≥50 dB below Low exp

n.s.

Terao et al.

2006 [57]

800 MHz (50 Hz),

6.7 ms pulse width,

270 mW mean power,

SAR_{10 g} = 0.054 ± 0.02

W/kg

n.s.

Unterlechner et al.

2007 [61]

1970 MHz (5 MHz),

a) High exp:

avSAR_{1 g} = 0.63 W/kg

avSAR_{10 g} = 0.37 W/kg

b) Low exp:

1/10 of High exp

c) Sham

≥50 dB below Low exp

n.s.