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Table 1 Basic and nutritional factors among children

From: Regular Breakfast and Blood Lead Levels among Preschool Children

 

Regular breakfast?

  

Characteristics

No

Yes

P value

Total

Blood lead level (μg/dL)

    

Median (P5,P95) +

7.2 (2.9, 12.8)

6.1 (2.7,10.9)

0.008

6.2 (2.8,10.9)

> = 10 μg/dL, n(%)

8 (10.4)

92 (7.9)

0.43

100 (8.0)

Gender

  

0.63

 

Boy

40 (51.9)

639 (54.8)

 

679 (54.6)

Girl

37 (48.1)

527 (45.2)

 

564 (45.4)

Age

  

0.08

 

3

23 (31.2)

314 (26.9)

 

337 (27.1)

4

18 (23.4)

419 (35.9)

 

438 (35.2)

5

35 (45.4)

433 (37.2)

 

468 (37.7)

School Area

  

0.03

 

Urban

25 (32.5)

478 (41.0)

 

503 (40.4)

Suburban

27 (35.1)

454 (38.9)

 

481 (38.7)

Rural

25 (32.5)

234 (20.1)

 

259 (20.8)

Father's education

  

0.0002

 

Less than high school

46 (59.8)

438 (37.6)

 

484 (38.9)

High school

21 (27.3)

378 (32.4)

 

399 (32.1)

College & University

10 (13.0)

350 (30.0)

 

360 (29.0)

Mother's education

  

0.0003

 

Less than high school

56 (72.3)

575 (49.3)

 

631 (50.8)

High school

15 (19.5)

351 (30.1)

 

366 (29.4)

College & University

6 (7.8)

240 (20.6)

 

246 (19.8)

Father's occupation

  

0.005

 

Unemployed

3 (3.9)

46 (3.9)

 

49 (3.9)

General labor

50 (64.9)

595 (51.0)

 

645 (51.9)

Technician/Professional

15 (19.5)

450 (38.6)

 

465 (37.5)

Other

9 (11.7)

75 (6.4)

 

84 (6.8)

Mother's occupation

  

0.04

 

Unemployed

3 (3.9)

67 (5.8)

 

70 (5.6)

General labor

37 (48.1)

475 (40.7)

 

512 (41.2)

Technician/Professional

12 (15.6)

344 (29.5)

 

356 (28.6)

Other

25 (32.5)

280 (24.0)

 

305 (24.5)

Parents divorces or separated

  

0.89

 

Yes

3 (4.6)

46 (4.3)

 

49 (4.3)

No

62(95.4)

1030 (95.7)

 

1092 (95.7)

Grandfather's education

  

0.007

 

None

17 (22.1)

139 (11.9)

 

156 (12.6)

< = 9 years

29 (37.7)

591 (50.7)

 

620 (49.9)

> 9 years

31 (40.3)

436 (37.4)

 

467 (37.5)

Grandmother's education

  

0.01

 

None

22 (28.6)

209 (17.9)

 

231 (18.6)

< = 9 years

19 (24.7)

483 (41.4)

 

502 (40.3)

> 9 years

36 (46.7)

474 (40.7)

 

512 (41.1)

Passive smoking

  

0.34

 

Yes

46 (59.8)

632 (54.2)

 

678 (54.5)

No

31 (40.2)

534 (45.8)

 

565 (45.5)

Feeding method (during the first year)

  

0.42

 

Breast feeding

63 (82.9)

889 (76.5)

 

952 (76.9)

Bottle (formula) feeding

5 (6.6)

92 (7.9)

 

97 (7.8)

Mixed

8 (10.5)

181 (15.6)

 

189 (16.3)

Breakfast type

  

0.12

 

Noodle/Rice

50 (78.1)

760 (69.1)

 

810 (69.9)

Mixed

14 (21.9)

340 (30.9)

 

354 (30.1)

Calcium

    

Mean ± SD

1.66 ± 0.21

1.64 ± 0.19

0.45

1.64 ± 0.24

Number of deficiency (%)

31 (40.3)

452 (38.8)

0.79

483 (38.9)

Cu

    

Mean ± SD

26.96 ± 7.10

27.03 ± 6.80

0.83

27.05 ± 6.64

Number of deficiency (%)

1 (1.3)

6 (0.5)

0.34

7 (0.6)

Fe

    

Mean ± SD

8.12 ± 0.87

8.13 ± 0.84

0.68

8.13 ± 0.83

Number of deficiency (%)

21 (27.3)

280 (24.0)

0.51

301 (24.2)

Mg

    

Mean ± SD

1.50 ± 0.17

1.47 ± 0.16

0.10

1.47 ± 0.16

Number of deficiency (%)

0

4 (0.3)

0.61

4 (0.3)

Zn**,+

    

Mean ± SD

78.25 ± 12.51

82.70 ± 13.27

0.008

82.46 ± 13.40

Number of deficiency (%)

41 (53.2)

436 (37.4)

0.006

477 (38.3)

  1. , P value, comparison between children with and without regular breakfast; +, P < 0.01, Wilcoxon test (covariates were not adjusted)