From: Regular Breakfast and Blood Lead Levels among Preschool Children
Regular breakfast? | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | No | Yes | P value‡ | Total |
Blood lead level (μg/dL) | ||||
Median (P5,P95) + | 7.2 (2.9, 12.8) | 6.1 (2.7,10.9) | 0.008 | 6.2 (2.8,10.9) |
> = 10 μg/dL, n(%) | 8 (10.4) | 92 (7.9) | 0.43 | 100 (8.0) |
Gender | 0.63 | |||
Boy | 40 (51.9) | 639 (54.8) | 679 (54.6) | |
Girl | 37 (48.1) | 527 (45.2) | 564 (45.4) | |
Age | 0.08 | |||
3 | 23 (31.2) | 314 (26.9) | 337 (27.1) | |
4 | 18 (23.4) | 419 (35.9) | 438 (35.2) | |
5 | 35 (45.4) | 433 (37.2) | 468 (37.7) | |
School Area | 0.03 | |||
Urban | 25 (32.5) | 478 (41.0) | 503 (40.4) | |
Suburban | 27 (35.1) | 454 (38.9) | 481 (38.7) | |
Rural | 25 (32.5) | 234 (20.1) | 259 (20.8) | |
Father's education | 0.0002 | |||
Less than high school | 46 (59.8) | 438 (37.6) | 484 (38.9) | |
High school | 21 (27.3) | 378 (32.4) | 399 (32.1) | |
College & University | 10 (13.0) | 350 (30.0) | 360 (29.0) | |
Mother's education | 0.0003 | |||
Less than high school | 56 (72.3) | 575 (49.3) | 631 (50.8) | |
High school | 15 (19.5) | 351 (30.1) | 366 (29.4) | |
College & University | 6 (7.8) | 240 (20.6) | 246 (19.8) | |
Father's occupation | 0.005 | |||
Unemployed | 3 (3.9) | 46 (3.9) | 49 (3.9) | |
General labor | 50 (64.9) | 595 (51.0) | 645 (51.9) | |
Technician/Professional | 15 (19.5) | 450 (38.6) | 465 (37.5) | |
Other | 9 (11.7) | 75 (6.4) | 84 (6.8) | |
Mother's occupation | 0.04 | |||
Unemployed | 3 (3.9) | 67 (5.8) | 70 (5.6) | |
General labor | 37 (48.1) | 475 (40.7) | 512 (41.2) | |
Technician/Professional | 12 (15.6) | 344 (29.5) | 356 (28.6) | |
Other | 25 (32.5) | 280 (24.0) | 305 (24.5) | |
Parents divorces or separated | 0.89 | |||
Yes | 3 (4.6) | 46 (4.3) | 49 (4.3) | |
No | 62(95.4) | 1030 (95.7) | 1092 (95.7) | |
Grandfather's education | 0.007 | |||
None | 17 (22.1) | 139 (11.9) | 156 (12.6) | |
< = 9 years | 29 (37.7) | 591 (50.7) | 620 (49.9) | |
> 9 years | 31 (40.3) | 436 (37.4) | 467 (37.5) | |
Grandmother's education | 0.01 | |||
None | 22 (28.6) | 209 (17.9) | 231 (18.6) | |
< = 9 years | 19 (24.7) | 483 (41.4) | 502 (40.3) | |
> 9 years | 36 (46.7) | 474 (40.7) | 512 (41.1) | |
Passive smoking | 0.34 | |||
Yes | 46 (59.8) | 632 (54.2) | 678 (54.5) | |
No | 31 (40.2) | 534 (45.8) | 565 (45.5) | |
Feeding method (during the first year) | 0.42 | |||
Breast feeding | 63 (82.9) | 889 (76.5) | 952 (76.9) | |
Bottle (formula) feeding | 5 (6.6) | 92 (7.9) | 97 (7.8) | |
Mixed | 8 (10.5) | 181 (15.6) | 189 (16.3) | |
Breakfast type | 0.12 | |||
Noodle/Rice | 50 (78.1) | 760 (69.1) | 810 (69.9) | |
Mixed | 14 (21.9) | 340 (30.9) | 354 (30.1) | |
Calcium | ||||
Mean ± SD | 1.66 ± 0.21 | 1.64 ± 0.19 | 0.45 | 1.64 ± 0.24 |
Number of deficiency (%) | 31 (40.3) | 452 (38.8) | 0.79 | 483 (38.9) |
Cu | ||||
Mean ± SD | 26.96 ± 7.10 | 27.03 ± 6.80 | 0.83 | 27.05 ± 6.64 |
Number of deficiency (%) | 1 (1.3) | 6 (0.5) | 0.34 | 7 (0.6) |
Fe | ||||
Mean ± SD | 8.12 ± 0.87 | 8.13 ± 0.84 | 0.68 | 8.13 ± 0.83 |
Number of deficiency (%) | 21 (27.3) | 280 (24.0) | 0.51 | 301 (24.2) |
Mg | ||||
Mean ± SD | 1.50 ± 0.17 | 1.47 ± 0.16 | 0.10 | 1.47 ± 0.16 |
Number of deficiency (%) | 0 | 4 (0.3) | 0.61 | 4 (0.3) |
Zn**,+ | ||||
Mean ± SD | 78.25 ± 12.51 | 82.70 ± 13.27 | 0.008 | 82.46 ± 13.40 |
Number of deficiency (%) | 41 (53.2) | 436 (37.4) | 0.006 | 477 (38.3) |