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Table 1 Characteristics of workers and their biological parameters

From: Confounders in the assessment of the renal effects associated with low-level urinary cadmium: an analysis in industrial workers

 

Acrylic blanket factory workers

Zinc smelter workers

Two-way ANOVA

 

Never-smokers

Ex-smokers

Current smokers

Never-smokers

Ex-smokers

Current smokers

Occupation

Smoking

Interaction

N (%)

19 (36.5)

12 (23.1)

21 (40.4)

41 (30.6)

38 (28.4)

55 (41.0)

   

Age (years)

40.6 (10.1)

42.4 (8.4)

39.6 (8.4)

35.5 (10.1)

42.7 (10.6)

39.0 (10.9)

0.29

0.10

0.36

BMI (kg/m²)

25.1 (3.7)

25.2 (4.0)

23.3 (3.4)*

26.1 (2.9)

25.8 (3.1)

24.3 (3.3)*

0.07

0.004

0.94

Employment (years)

10.6 (7.3)

12 (8.3)

9.6 (7.1)

9.4 (10.3)

14.7 (8.8)

12.2 (9.3)

0.36

0.22

0.46

Pack-years (N)

-

14.9 (9.4)

18.8 (11.8)

-

14.2 (7.6)

17.5 (9.20)

0.87

-

-

B-Pb (μg/l)

46 (36-58)

55 (44-58)

49 (36-59)

95 (76-137)

89(70-116)

116 (86-143)

<0.001

0.51

0.34

B-Cd (μg/l)

0.40 (0.30-0.45)

0.50 (0.45-0.85)

0.90 (0.70-1.23)* $

0.50 (0.30-0.70)

0.60 (0.40-0.80)

1.20 (0.80-1.70)* $

0.09

<0.001

0.92

U-Cd (μg/g cr)

0.53 (0.37-0.68)

0.78 (0.67-0.90)

0.65 (0.48-1.02)

0.48 (0.37-0.81)

0.76 (0.55-1.18)*

1.00 (0.70-1.37)*

0.37

<0.001

0.19

U-Zn (mg/g cr)

0.23 (0.18-0.35)

0.28 (0.27-0.39)

0.26 (0.21-0.32)

0.26 (0.16-0.40)

0.28 (0.21-0.48)

0.32 (0.20-0.47)

0.34

0.19

0.38

U-ALB (mg/g cr)

5.4 (3.4-8.5)

6.9 (4.7-9.1)

5.6 (4.0-9.6)

7.9 (5.0-10.8)

8.3 (4.2-12.4)

7.8 (4.7-14.3)

0.09

0.28

0.97

U-Protein-HC (mg/g cr)

9.3 (5.9-17.4)

15.5 (10.9-18.6)

13.1 (8.6-22.7)

9.4 (5.5-14.1)

12.6 (8.5-20.8)

16.0 (9.9-27.5)*

0.82

0.01

0.63

U-RBP (mg/g cr)

120 (91.3-146)

149 (107-232)

153 (102-194)

122 (85-161)

123 (90-152)

172 (141-200)

0.74

0.01

0.99

U-Creatinine(g/l)

1.14 (0.91-1.73)

1.10 (0.94-1.33)

1.18 (0.95-1.51)

1.31 (0.88-1.78)

1.27 (0.85-1.66)

1.08 (0.78-1.51)

0.73

0.44

0.77

  1. * significantly different from neversmokers $significantly different from ex-smokers by the test of Tukey-Kramer. Age, body mass index (BMI), duration of exposure and number of pack-years are given as mean with standard deviation. Concentrations of biomarkers in urine and blood are described as median with interquartile range (IQR).