Confounders in the assessment of the renal effects associated with low-level urinary cadmium: an analysis in industrial workers

Haddam, Nahida; Samira, Sekkal; Dumont, Xavier; Taleb, Abdesselem; Lison, Dominique; Haufroid, Vincent; Bernard, Alfred

doi:10.1186/1476-069X-10-37

Environmental Health

Table 3 Predictors of RBP, protein HC and albumin in urine according to different modes of expression of results and adjustment for the residual influence of diuresis

From: Confounders in the assessment of the renal effects associated with low-level urinary cadmium: an analysis in industrial workers

	Concentrations of urinary markers per liter				Concentrations of urinary markers per g creatinine
Dependent variable	Independent variables	B	95% CI	P	Independent variables	B	95% CI	P
RBP in urine	Model 1				Model 1
	Log U-Cd	10.7	65.6 to 147.8	<0.001	Current smoking	27.4	9.1 to 46.0	0.004
					Log U-Cd	30.9	1.81 to 60.0	0.04
	Model 2				Model 2
	Current smoking	34.2	10.3 to 58.2	0.005	Current smoking	27.4	9.1 to 46.0	0.004
	Log U-Cd	34.7	-3.83 to 73.3	0.08	Log U-Cd	30.9	1.81 to 60.0	0.04
	Log U-Cr	285.7	220.0 to 350.6	<0.001
	Model 3				Model 3
	Current smoking	34.2	10.3 to 58.2	0.005	Current smoking	28.8	10.3 to 47.3	0.003
	Log U-Cd adj	34.7	-3.82 to 73.3	0.07	Log U-Cd adj	25.4	-4.5 to 55.2	0.10
	Log U-Cr	308.0	248.0 to 367.3	<0.001
Log U-Protein HC	Model 1				Model 1
	Age	0.009	0.005 to 0.013	<0.001	Age	0.009	0.005 to 0.014	<0.001
	Current smoking	0.14	0.054 to 0.22	0.001	Current smoking	0.12	0.02 to 0.22	0.02
	Log U-Cd	-0.039	-0.16 to 0.086	0.54	Log U-Cd	0.13	-.033 to 0.29	0.12
	Model 2				Model 2
	Age	0.007	0.003 to 0.011	<0.001	Age	0.008	0.003 to 0.13	0.002
	Current smoking	0.11	0.03 to 0.20	0.008	Current smoking	0.011	0.18 to 0.21	0.02
	Log U-Cd	0.05	-0.084 to 0.19	0.46	Log U-Cd	0.081	-0.079 to 0.24	0.32
	Log U-Cr	-0.36	-0.59 to -0.13	0.003	Log U-Cr	-0.47	-0.72 to -0.22	<0.001
	Model 3				Model 3
	Age	0.007	0.003 to 0.011	<0.001	Age	0.008	0.003 to 0.013	0.002
	Current smoking	0.11	0.03 to 0.20	0.008	Current smoking	0.011	0.018 to 0.21	0.02
	Log U-Cd adj	0.05	-0.084 to 0.19	0.46	Log U-Cd adj	0.081	-0.079 to 0.24	0.32
	Log U-Cr	-0.33	-0.54 to -0.12	0.003	Log U-Cr	-0.52	-0.75 to -0.25	<0.001
Log U-ALB	Model 1				Model 1
	Log U-Cd	0.39	0.201 to 0.58	<0.001	Log U-Cd	0.19	0.012 to 1.00	0.04
	Model 2				Model 2
	Log U-Cd	0.20	0.02 to 0.39	0.03	Log U-Cd	0.19	0.012 to 1.00	0.04
	Log U-Cr	0.86	0.54 to 1.18	<0.001
	Model 3				Model 3
	Log U-Cd adj	0.20	0.02 to 0.39	0.03	Log U-Cd adj	0.20	0.016 to 0.39	0.03
	Log U-Cr	0.99	0.69 to 1.29	<0.001

U-Cdadj, concentration of Cd expressed per g of creatinine and adjusted for the residual influence of urinary creartinine on the basis of the simple regression coefficient (Figure 1). The regression coefficients were estimated by stepwise multiple regression analyses testing as predictors age, BMI, Pb in blood, Zn in urine, current smoking, number of pack-years (>0-15 and >15).

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ISSN: 1476-069X

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