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Table 1 Environmental exposures associated with cancer. The strength of the association differs and convincing evidence is available only for some of the exposures

From: Epidemiological approaches in the investigation of environmental causes of cancer: the case of dioxins and water disinfection by-products

• Air pollutants

– Outdoor air e.g. particulates, PAHs, asbestos, erionite, benzene

– Indoor air e.g. second-hand-smoke, combustion wood, combustion coal, high temperature frying, formaldehyde

• Water contaminants e.g. arsenic, disinfection byproducts, nitrates

• Persistent Organic Pollutants, e.g. dioxins, PCBs, endocrine disrupters, food contaminants

• Metals, e.g. arsenic, chromiumVI, cadmium

• Industrial products e.g. hair dyes

• Radiations

– Ionising (radon)

– Solar radiation

– Electromagnetic Fields (EMF), extremely low frequency and radiofrequencies