Occurrence of mental illness following prenatal and early childhood exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PCE)-contaminated drinking water: a retrospective cohort study

Aschengrau, Ann; Weinberg, Janice M; Janulewicz, Patricia A; Romano, Megan E; Gallagher, Lisa G; Winter, Michael R; Martin, Brett R; Vieira, Veronica M; Webster, Thomas F; White, Roberta F; Ozonoff, David M

doi:10.1186/1476-069X-11-2

Environmental Health

Table 2 Distribution of Selected Characteristics of Subjects and Parents by PCE Exposure Status

From: Occurrence of mental illness following prenatal and early childhood exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PCE)-contaminated drinking water: a retrospective cohort study

Characteristic	Both Prenatal and Early Childhood Exposure (N = 831)		Unexposed (N = 547)
	n	%	n	%
Year of birth
1969-1974	166	20.0	131	23.9
1975-1980	435	52.3	288	52.7
1981-1983	230	27.7	128	23.4
Current age (n, mean, sd)	831	29.2 (3.6)	547	29.6 (3.8)
Gender
Male	331	39.8	216	39.5
Female	500	60.2	331	60.5
% White race	818	98.4	539	98.5
Current Educational Level
High school graduate or less	128	15.4	67	12.2
Some college	192	23.1	144	26.3
Four year college grad or higher	510	61.4	335	61.2
Missing	1	0.1	1	0.2
Currently Employed
Yes	719	86.5	487	89.0
No	92	11.1	54	9.9
Missing	20	2.4	6	1.1
Current marital status
Single	272	32.7	157	28.7
Married or cohabitating	536	64.5	371	67.8
Other	19	2.3	12	2.2
Missing	4	0.5	7	1.3
History of chronic illness
Yes	111	13.4	73	13.3
No	644	77.5	430	78.6
Missing	76	9.1	44	8.0
Ever had job with solvent exposure
Yes	123	14.8	71	13.0
No	687	82.7	461	84.3
Missing	21	2.5	15	2.7
Ever had hobby with solvent exposure
Yes	700	84.2	462	84.5
No	124	14.9	79	14.4
Missing	7	0.8	6	1.1
Mother's age at subject's birth (n, mean (sd))	831	27.2 (4.7)	547	27.5 (4.4)
Father's age at subject's birth (n, mean (sd))	831	29.8 (5.7)	547	29.8 (5.3)
Mother's educational level at subject's birth
High school graduate or less	327	39.4	178	32.5
Some college	243	29.2	188	34.4
Four year college grad or higher	260	31.3	180	32.9
Missing	1	0.1	1	0.2
Father's occupation at subject's birth
White collar	420	50.5	257	47.0
Blue collar	275	33.1	170	31.1
Other	126	15.2	112	20.5
Missing	10	1.2	8	1.5
Mother received prenatal care during subject's gestation
Yes	794	95.5	520	95.1
No	4	0.5	0	0.0
Missing	33	4.0	27	4.9
Mother smoked cigarettes during subject's gestation
11+ cigarettes a day	108	13.0	59	10.8
10 or fewer cigarettes a day	74	8.9	54	9.9
None	483	58.1	330	60.3
Missing	166	20.0	104	19.0
Mother consumed alcohol during subject's gestation
1+ drinks a week	109	13.1	76	13.9
1-3 drinks a month	193	23.2	125	22.9
None	361	43.4	242	44.2
Missing	168	20.2	104	19.0
Mother smoked marijuana during subject's gestation
Yes	25	3.0	18	3.3
No	640	77.0	420	76.8
Missing	166	20.0	109	19.9
Mother had medical and obstetrical complications during subject's gestation
Yes	122	14.7	108	19.7
No	536	64.5	331	60.5
Missing	173	20.8	108	19.7
Mother had occupational exposure to solvents
Yes	76	9.1	51	9.3
No	573	69.0	381	69.7
Missing	182	21.9	115	21.0
Subject's birth weight (n, mean, sd)	823	3,443 (506)	499	3,414 (534)
Subject's gestational age (n, mean, sd)	790	40.1 (2.5)	516	39.9 (2.4)
Multiple Pregnancy	21	2.5	20	3.7
Subject was breast fed
Yes	406	48.9	299	54.7
No	254	30.6	140	25.6
Missing	171	20.6	108	19.7
Number of older siblings
0	350	42.1	262	47.9
1	287	34.5	163	29.8
2+	193	23.2	119	21.8
Missing	1	0.1	3	0.5
Sibling died	16	1.9	15	2.7
Parent(s) divorced, separated, or died after subject's birth	51	6.1	32	5.9
Family history of schizophrenia
Yes	10	1.2	4	0.7
No	800	96.3	536	98.0
Missing	21	2.5	7	1.3
Family history of post-traumatic stress disorder
Yes	48	5.8	31	5.7
No	741	89.2	500	91.4
Missing	42	5.1	16	2.9
Family history of bipolar disorder
Yes	66	7.9	39	7.1
No	727	87.5	497	90.9
Missing	38	4.6	11	2.0
Family history of depression
Yes	323	38.9	199	36.4
No	458	55.1	321	58.7
Missing	50	6.0	27	4.9

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ISSN: 1476-069X

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