| Number (%) | Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|
All | 96 (100) | Â |
Age (years) |  | 32 ± 4.8 |
BMI (kg m-2) |  | 23.5 ± 3.27 |
Creatinine (g L-1) |  | 0.98 ± 0.60 |
Smoking status | Â | Â |
 Smoker | 38 (40) |  |
 Non-smoker | 58 (60) |  |
Alcohol drinking status | Â | Â |
 Drinker | 57 (59) |  |
 Non-drinker | 39 (41) |  |
Education status | Â | Â |
 >high school | 54 (56) |  |
 ≤high school | 42 (44) |  |
Semen parameters a | Â | Â |
 Sperm concentration (million mL-1)b |  | 72.3 ± 48.6 |
  Subjects <20 million mL-1 | 13 (14) |  |
 Sperm motility |  | 63.6% ± 19.4% |
  Subjects <50% motile sperm | 24 (25) |  |
 Semen volume (mL) |  | 2.74 ± 0.88 |
  Subjects <2 mL | 13 (14) |  |
 Normal sperm morphology rate |  | 16.6% ± 8.8% |
  Subjects <15% | 45(47) |  |
Abstinence time | Â | Â |
 2 days | 9 (9) |  |
 3 days | 22 (23) |  |
 4 days | 15 (16) |  |
 5 days | 24 (25) |  |
 ≥6 days | 26 (27) |  |