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Table 4 Effect of mask wearing on PAH metabolites (multiplicative scale)

From: Studying the effectiveness of activated carbon R95 respirators in reducing the inhalation of combustion by-products in Hanoi, Vietnam: a demonstration study

PAH metabolite

Mask effect

Mask effect (adjusted)

Mask effect (per protocol)

Test for period effect

Test for carry-over

1-hydroxynapthalene

0.86 (0.77,0.96); p = 0.007

0.86 (0.77,0.96); p = 0.007

0.87 (0.77,0.98); p = 0.02

p = 0.38

p = 0.85

2-hydroxynapthalene

0.95 (0.84,1.08); p = 0.42

0.95 (0.84,1.08);p = 0.47

0.96 (0.83,1.1); p = 0.54

p = 0.41

p = 0.98

2-hydroxyfluorene

0.98 (0.9,1.07); p = 0.61

0.98 (0.9,10.07); p = 0.66

0.97 (0.88,1.07); p = 0.58

p = 0.34

p = 0.56

3-hydroxyfluorene

0.97 (0.88, 1.06); p = 0.48

0.97 (0.88, 1.06); p = 0.5

0.97 (0.87, 1.08); p = 0.58

p = 0.05

p = 0.6

9-hydroxyfluorene

0.94 (0.85, 1.04); p = 0.23

0.94 (0.85, 1.04); p = 0.22

0.95 (0.85, 1.06); p = 0.33

p < 0.001

p = 0.59

1-hydroxyphenanthrene

0.97 (0.89, 1.07); p = 0.58

0.98 (0.89, 1.08); p = 0.66

0.98 (0.88, 1.08); p = 0.65

p = 0.11

p-0.59

2-hydroxyphenanthrene

1.02 (0.92, 1.12); p = 0.72

1.02 (0.93, 1.13); p = 0.67

1.02 (0.91, 1.14); p = 0.74

p = 0.45

p = 0.15

3-hydroxyphenanthrene

1.01 (0.92, 1.1); p = 0.88

1.01 (0.92, 1.11); p = 0.85

1.03 (0.93, 1.14); p = 0.6

p = 0.69

p = 0.63

4-hydroxyphenanthrene

0.96 (0.86, 1.08); p = 0.53

0.97 (0.86, 1.09); p = 0.59

0.97 (0.86, 1.1); p = 0.66

p = 0.01

p = 0.46

1-hydroxyprene

1.00 (0.92, 1.09); p = 0.98

1.00 (0.92, 1.09); p = 0.96

1.01 (0.92, 1.11); p = 0.84

p < 0.001

p = 0.42

  1. Effects are displayed as estimate (95% confidence interval); p-value.