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Table 5 Comparison of urinary concentrations (ng/g) of 1-OHP in Hanoi to other non-occupational populations reported in the literature (modified from Li Z., et al. 2010[31])

From: Studying the effectiveness of activated carbon R95 respirators in reducing the inhalation of combustion by-products in Hanoi, Vietnam: a demonstration study

Population

Country

Age group

Size

Median 1-OHP level (5-95thpercentile)

Adults

USA

≥ 20

1625

41 (15–233)

Students

Korea

mean 23

129

58 (19–212)

Adults

Germany

≥ 20

495

88 (22–362)

Adults

Canada

na

140

174 (39–617)

Adults

Italy

22 - 81

327

149 (52–654)

Street workers (this study)

Vietnam

29 - 55

44

1020 (416–3453)