| N | PM10 exposure (μg/m3) Mean (SD) | NO2 exposure (μg/m3) Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal characteristics | Â | Â | Â |
Age | Â | Â | Â |
< 25 years | 1446 | 30.5 (3.2) * | 40.4 (3.8) * |
25-30 years (Reference) | 2051 | 30.2 (3.1) | 39.8 (4.2) |
30-35 years | 2998 | 30.1 (3.2) | 39.5 (4.4) * |
> 35 years | 1395 | 30.0 (3.2) | 39.5 (4.3) |
Body mass index | Â | Â | Â |
< 20 kg/m2 | 627 | 30.5 (3.2) | 40.3 (4.2) |
20-25 kg/m 2 (Reference) | 3714 | 30.3 (3.2) | 39.8 (4.2) |
25-30 kg/m2 | 1843 | 30.3 (3.1) | 39.8 (4.1) |
> 30 kg/m2 | 972 | 30.0 (3.2) | 39.6 (4.0) |
Missing | 734 | 29.1 (3.1) ** | 38.6 (4.7) ** |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â |
Dutch/Caucasian (Reference) | 4268 | 30.1 (3.2) | 39.4 (4.5) |
Turkish | 622 | 30.1 (3.0) | 40.2 (3.5) ** |
Moroccan | 489 | 30.2 (3.0) | 40.1 (3.5) * |
Surinamese | 619 | 30.6 (3.2) * | 40.2 (4.0) ** |
Other | 1151 | 30.4 (3.3) * | 40.3 (4.1) ** |
Missing | 741 | 29.8 (3.0) | 40.1 (4.0) ** |
Educational level | Â | Â | Â |
No education/primary | 757 | 30.3 (3.1) | 40.0 (3.6) |
Secondary | 3102 | 30.3 (3.2) | 39.7 (4.3) |
Higher (Reference) | 3132 | 30.1 (3.2) | 39.6 (4.4) |
Missing | 899 | 29.8 (3.0) | 40.1 (4.0) * |
Parity | Â | Â | Â |
Nulliparous (Reference) | 4129 | 30.3 (3.2) | 40.0 (4.3) |
Multiparous | 3528 | 30.1 (3.1) * | 39.5 (4.1) ** |
Missing | 233 | 29.4 (3.1) ** | 38.8 (4.5) ** |
Smoking in pregnancy | Â | Â | Â |
No (Reference) | 4616 | 30.2 (3.2) | 39.7 (4.2) |
First trimester only | 527 | 30.5 (3.3) | 40.1 (4.6) |
Continued | 1059 | 30.5 (3.2) | 40.2 (4.2) * |
Missing | 1688 | 29.6 (2.9) ** | 39.5 (4.2) |
Alcohol use in pregnancy | Â | Â | Â |
No (Reference) | 3022 | 30.2 (3.2) | 39.8 (4.1) |
First trimester only | 820 | 30.2 (3.2) | 39.6 (4.4) |
Continued | 2415 | 30.4 (3.2) * | 39.9 (4.3) |
Missing | 1633 | 29.7 (2.9) ** | 39.5 (4.2) |
Noise exposure | Â | Â | Â |
< 50 dB(A) | 2985 | 29.6 (3.0) ** | 37.9 (3.3) ** |
50-65 dB(A) (Reference) | 4016 | 30.2 (3.1) | 39.8 (3.6) |
> 65 dB(A) | 791 | 32.2 (3.5) ** | 46.0 (4.3) ** |
Missing | 91 | 29.8 (3.1) | 40.0 (4.0) |
Neighbourhood income | Â | Â | Â |
Low | 1141 | 30.9 (2.9) ** | 41.0 (3.2) ** |
Moderate (Reference) | 4678 | 30.0 (3.1) | 39.6 (4.2) |
High | 1945 | 30.2 (3.2) | 39.6 (4.5) |
Missing | 126 | 28.4 (3.2) ** | 35.2 (5.5) ** |
Season of conception | Â | Â | Â |
Winter (Reference) | 2184 | 29.9 (3.8) | 38.8 (4.5) |
Spring | 1850 | 29.7 (2.6) | 38.9 (4.1) |
Summer | 1810 | 30.5 (2.4) ** | 41.1 (3.8) ** |
Fall | 2046 | 30.5 (3.4) ** | 40.3 (3.9) ** |
Year of conception | Â | Â | Â |
2001 (Reference) | 345 | 34.6 (1.3) | 39.6 (3.4) |
2002 | 2161 | 33.1 (1.6) ** | 41.8 (3.8) |
2003 | 2468 | 29.5 (3.0) ** | 39.9 (4.2) ** |
2004 | 2460 | 28.0 (2.0) ** | 38.2 (3.9) ** |
2005 | 456 | 28.4 (1.2) ** | 37.4 (4.1) ** |