Table 1 Summary of effect estimates (excess risk per 10 μg/m 3 ) from cohort studies on particulate matter (PM 10 or PM 2.5 ) and mortality from all causes and cardiovascular diseases
From: Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio- respiratory mortality: a review
Study | Study population | Follow-up period | Pollutant | Conca(μg/m3) | Spatial scaleb | % change in risk (95% CI) in mortality associated with a 10 μg/m3increase PM | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | All cause | Cardiovascular c | Â |
Harvard six cities | 8111 adults in six US cities | 1976 - 1989 | PM2.5 | 18 (11–30) | City | 13(4, 23) | 18 (6, 32) | [15] |
Harvard six cities | 8096 adults in six US cities | 1979 -1998 | PM2.5 | 15 (10–22) | City | 16 (7, 26) | 28 (13,44) | [14] |
Harvard six cities | 8096 adults in six US cities | 1974 - 2009 | PM2.5 | 16 (11–24) | City | 14 (7, 22) | 26 (14, 40) | [16] |
American Cancer Society (ACS) study | 552, 800 adults from 51 US cities | 1982 - 1989 | PM2.5 | 18 (9–34) | City | 26 (8, 47) | NA | [17] |
ACS study | 500,000 adults from 51 US cities | 1982 -1998 | PM2.5 | 18 (4) | City | 6 (2, 11) | 9 (3, 16)c | [18] |
ACS sub-cohort study | 22,905 subjects in Los Angeles area | 1982 - 2000 | PM2.5 | (~9 – 27) | Zip code (Int) | 17 (5, 30) | 26 (1, 60)c | [19] |
German cohort | 4752 women in Ruhr area | 1985 – 2003 | PM10 | 44 (35–53) | Address (near) | 12 (−9, 37) | 52 (8, 114) | [20] |
German cohort | 4752 women in Ruhr and surrounding area | 1985 - 2008 | PM10 | 44 (35–53) | Address (near) | 22 (6, 41) | 61 (26, 104) | [21] |
Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study | 65,893 postmenopausal women from 36 US metropolitan areas | 1994-1998 | PM2.5 | 14 (3–28) | Zip code (near) | NA | 76 (25,147) | [22] |
Netherlands Cohort Study | 120, 852 subjects from Netherlands | 1987 -1996 | PM2.5 | 28 (23–37) | Address (LUR) | 6 (−3, 16) | 4 (−10, 21) | [23] |
Nurses’ Health Study | 66,250 women from the US north eastern metropolitan areas | 1992-2002 | PM10 | 22 (4) | Address (LUR) | 11 (1,23) | 35 (3, 77) | [24] |
Nurses’ Health Study | 66,250 women from the US north eastern metropolitan areas | 1992-2002 | PM2.5 | 14 (6–28) | Address (LUR) | 26 (2, 54) | NA | [25] |
Medicare national cohort | 13.2 million elderly Medicare recipients across the USA | 2000 - 2005 | PM2.5 | 13 (4) | Zip code (Mean) | 4 (3, 6)d | Â | [26] |
California teachers study | 45,000 female teachers | 2002 -2007 | PM2.5 | 18 (7–39) | Address (near) | 6 (−4, 16) | 19 (5, 36)c | [27] |
Swiss national cohort | National census data linked with mortality | 2000 - 2005 | PM10 | 19 (>40)e | Address (Disp) | NA | −1 (−3, 0) | [28] |
Health professionals follow-up study | 17,545 highly educated men in the midwestern and northeastern US | 1989 – 2003 | PM2.5 | 18 (3) | Address (LUR) | −14 (−28,2) | 3 (−17, 26) | [29] |
Vancouver cohort | 452,735 Vancouver residents 45–85 yr | 1999 – 2002 | PM2.5 | 4 (0 – 10) | Address (LUR) | NA | 7 (-14, 32) | [30] |
China nat. hypertension survey | 70,497 men and women | 1991 - 2000 | TSP | 289 (113–499) | City | 0.3 (0, 1) | 1 (0, 2) | [31] |
US trucking industry cohort | 53,814 men in the US trucking industry | 1985 -2000 | PM2.5 | 14 (4) | Address (near) | 10 (3, 18) | 5 (−7, 19) | [32] |
Chinese retrospective cohort study | 9,941 adults from five districts of Shenyang city | 1998 -2009 | PM10 | 154 (78–274)f | District (mean) | 53 (50, 56) | 55 (51, 60) | [33] |
Canadian national cohort | 2.1 million nonimmigrant Canadians . > 25 yr | 1991 - 2001 | PM2.5 | 9 (2 – 19) | Enumeration area, N = 45710 (satellite) | 10 (5, 15) | 15 (7, 24) | [34] |
New Zealand Census mortality study | 1.06 million adults in urban areas from 1996 census | 1996 -1999 | PM10 | 8 (0 – 19) | Census tract (Disp) | 7 (3, 10) | 6 (1, 11) | [35] |
California teachers study | 101,784 female teachers | 1997- 2005 | PM2.5 | 16 (3–28) | Address (Inter) | 1 (−5, 9) | 7 (−5, 19) | [36] |
Nippon data cohort | 7,250 adults > 30 yr throughout Japan | 1980 - 2004 | PM10 | <27 - > 43 | District (near) | −2 (−8, 4) | −10 (−19, 0) | [37] |
Rome longitudinal study | 1,265,058 adults from Rome | 2001 - 2010 | PM2.5 | 23 (7 – 32) | Address (DISP, 1 km grid) | 4 (3, 5) | 6 (4, 8) | [38] |