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Table 3 Summary of effect estimates (excess risk per 10 μg/m 3 ) from cohort studies on coarse particulate matter and elemental carbon (per 1 μg/m 3 ) and mortality from all causes and cardiovascular diseases

From: Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio- respiratory mortality: a review

Study name

Study design

Follow-up period

Pollutant

Conca (μg/m3)

Spatial scaleb

% change in risk (95% CI) in mortality

References

      

All causes

Cardiovascular c

 

Coarse PM

        

ACS study

500,000 adults 51 US cities

1982 - 1998

PM2.5–15

19 (6)

City

1 (−2 3)

2 (−2, 5)*

[18]

AHSMOG study

3769 California seventh-day Adventists

1977 – 1992

PM2.5–15

27 (4 – 44)

Address (Inter)

5 (−8, 20)

NA

[63]

Nurses’ Health Study

66,250 women from US north eastern metropolitan areas

1992- 2002

PM2.5–10

8 (0 – 27)

Address (LUR)

3 (−11, 18)

NA

[25]

Health professionals follow-up study

17,545 highly educated men in the midwestern and northeastern US

1989 – 2003

PM2.5–10

10 (3)

Address (LUR)

−10 (−22, 4)

8 (−10, 29)

[29]

EC

        

Netherlands Cohort Study

120, 852 subjects from Netherlands

1987 - 1996

BSe

17 (9–36)

Address (LUR)

5 (0, 11)

4 (−5, 13)

[23]

ACS study (extended)

500,000 adults 51 US cities

1982 – 1998

EC

IQR = 0.31

City

6 (1, 11)

11 (3, 19)

[64]

Worcester MI survivors

3,895 MI patients

1995 - 2005

EC

0.4 (0.1 – 0.9)

Address (LUR)

2 (−7, 11)d

NA

[65]

15 (3, 29)

Vancouver cohort

452,735 Vancouver residents 45–85 yr

1999 – 2002

BC

1.5 (0–5)

Address (LUR)

NA

6 (3, 9)

[30]

PAARC

14,284 adults in 24 French areas

1974 – 1998

BS

44 (18–77)

Address (near)

7 (3, 10)

5 (−2, 12)

[42]

Veteran’s study

70,000 male US veterans

1997 – 2001

EC

0.6 (0.1 – 2.0)

County (mean)

18 (5, 33)

NA

[66]

California teachers study

45,000 female teachers

2002 -2007

EC

1.1 (0.2 – 2.4)

Address (near)

3 (−11,19)

11 (−9, 36)

[27]

Two Scotch cohorts

15, 402 and 7,028 adults from West-central and central Scotland

1972 - 1998 1970 - 1998

BS

19

LUR + temporal

5 (1,9)

7 (0, 13)

[67]

  1. a Mean with minimum – maximum in parentheses (μg/m3). One number in parentheses is standard deviation.
  2. b Spatial scale of exposure assignment, in parentheses exposure assignment method. City = average of monitors within the city; Near = nearest monitor concentration; LUR = land use regression; Disp = dispersion modeling; Inter = interpolation.
  3. c Cardio-pulmonary mortality reported if cardiovascular mortality not available.
  4. d HRs for first two years after MI and after the first two years of survival.
  5. e BC (Black Carbon), BS (Black Smoke) and EC (Elemental carbon) are different markers used to assess soot. Increases consistent with a 1 μg/m3 increase in EC were used [7].
  6. Studies adjusted for individual smoking except references [26, 28, 30, 34, 38, 56].
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X