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Table 2 The standardized mortality ratios and hazard ratios in different groups in controls and exposed subjects

From: Mortality and causes of deaths of inhabitants with renal dysfunction induced by cadmium exposure of the polluted Jinzu River basin, Toyama, Japan; a 26-year follow-up

Area

Urinary findings

Groups

N

PY

PY/person

D

SMR

(95% CI)

Hazard ratio

(95% CI)

Men

Control

Pro(-) and Glu(-)

No finding

748

12514

16.7

441

0.88

(0.80, 0.96)

1.00

 

Pro(+) and/or Glu(+)

With findings

178

2608

14.7

118

1.24

(1.01, 1.46)

1.39

(1.13, 1.70)**

Exposed

Pro(-) and Glu(-)

No finding

2556

44636

17.5

1595

0.90

(0.85, 0.94)

1.02

(0.92, 1.14)

Pro(-) and Glu(+)

Glucoseuria

498

8444

17.0

331

0.96

(0.86, 1.07)

1.10

(0.95, 1.27)

Pro(+) and Glu(-)

Proteinuria

150

1905

12.7

123

1.19

(0.98, 1.40)

1.27

(1.03, 1.57)*

Pro(+) and Glu(+)

Glucoproteinuria

159

1579

9.9

147

1.40

(1.17, 1.63)

1.57

(1.29, 1.90)***

Women

Control

Pro(-) and Glu(-)

No finding

1039

19085

18.4

455

0.89

(0.81, 0.97)

1.00

 

Pro(+) and/or Glu(+)

with findings

133

1884

14.2

77

1.16

(0.90, 1.41)

1.26

(0.99, 1.61)

Exposed

Pro(-) and Glu(-)

No finding

3184

64520

20.3

1405

0.84

(0.90, 0.88)

0.93

(0.83, 1.03)

Pro(-) and Glu(+)

Glucoseuria

398

6568

16.5

278

1.27

(1.12, 1.41)

1.40

(1.20, 1.63)***

Pro(+) and Glu(-)

Proteinuria

136

1947

14.3

106

1.44

(1.16, 1.71)

1.77

(1.42, 2.20)***

Pro(+) and Glu(+)

Glucoproteinuria

267

2406

9.0

257

2.02

(1.77, 2.26)

2.40

(2.16, 2.80)***

  1. Pro(+): urinary protein ≥ 10 mg/dL, Pro(-): urinary protein <10 mg/dL, Glu(+): urinary glucose ≥ +/-, Glu(-): urinary glucose negative.
  2. N number of subjects, PY person year, D number of death, SMR standardized mortality ratio.
  3. CI confidence interval, hazard ratio adjusted with age, smoking status, and history of hypertension.
  4. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared with Pro(-) and Glu(-) in controls.