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Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

From: Urinary and breast milk biomarkers to assess exposure to naphthalene in pregnant women: an investigation of personal and indoor air sources

Participant characteristics and exposures*

Frequency (%) or mean (SD) (N = 80)

Age (years)

32.4 ± 5.0

BMI (Kg/m2)

24.0 ± 4.3

Education level – college/university degree

71 (89)

Household income

Below $50 k

4 (5)

 

Above $100 k

44 (55)

Parity

Primiparous

37 (46)

 

Multiparous

43 (54)

Ever smoked more than 100 cigarettes

25 (32)

Smoke currently

2 (3)

Exposed to second hand smoke

18 (23)

Exposed to second hand smoke inside home

3 (4)

Road density in postal code (km/km2)

2.03 ± 1.32

Highway density in postal code (km/km2)

0.41 ± 0.37

Home Characteristics #

Pregnancy (N = 56)

Post-birth (N = 53)

Moth balls used

5 (9%)

0 (0%)

House with an attached garage and connecting door

25 (45%)

24 (45%)

Fireplace

33 (59%)

33 (62%)

  Wood

16 (29%)

13 (25%)

  Natural gas

14 (25%)

17 (32%)

Heating type

  

  Electric

3 (5%)

6 (11%)

  Natural gas

46 (82%)

39 (74%)

  Oil

 

4 (7%)

6 (11%)

  1. *Participant characteristics were asked at the pregnancy visit only.
  2. #Home characteristic questionnaires were not filled out by all participants in each phase of the study. The total number filled out in each period is given in brackets. Models examining these variables were limited to participants with reported data.