Hourly differences in air pollution and risk of respiratory disease in the elderly: a time-stratified case-crossover study

Yorifuji, Takashi; Suzuki, Etsuji; Kashima, Saori

doi:10.1186/1476-069X-13-67

Environmental Health

Table 3 Adjusted OR and 95% CI per interquartile-range increase ^a in each pollutant by exposure period prior to emergency call

From: Hourly differences in air pollution and risk of respiratory disease in the elderly: a time-stratified case-crossover study

	Respiratory disease	Pneumonia and influenza	COPD and allied conditions
SPM
0 to <6 hours	1.03 (0.99, 1.06)	1.02 (0.97, 1.07)	1.06 (0.96, 1.17)
6 to <12 hours	1.03 (0.99, 1.06)	1.03 (0.98, 1.09)	1.02 (0.93, 1.12)
12 to <18 hours	1.02 (0.98, 1.05)	1.01 (0.96, 1.06)	1.00 (0.90, 1.11)
18 to <24 hours	1.02 (0.98, 1.05)	1.01 (0.96, 1.07)	0.97 (0.87, 1.07)
0 to <24 hours	1.03 (0.99, 1.07)	1.03 (0.97, 1.09)	1.02 (0.91, 1.14)
24 to <48 hours	1.05 (1.01, 1.09)	1.05 (0.99, 1.11)	0.99 (0.88, 1.10)
48 to <72 hours	1.03 (1.00, 1.07)	1.01 (0.96, 1.07)	0.98 (0.88, 1.09)
72 to <96 hours	1.01 (0.97, 1.05)	0.97 (0.91, 1.02)	0.90 (0.80, 1.02)
Distributed lags^b	1.05 (1.00, 1.12)	1.01 (0.93, 1.10)	0.93 (0.79, 1.10)
NO ₂
0 to <6 hours	1.02 (0.97, 1.08)	1.05 (0.97, 1.14)	0.97 (0.83, 1.13)
6 to <12 hours	1.04 (0.98, 1.09)	1.06 (0.98, 1.15)	1.03 (0.88, 1.20)
12 to <18 hours	1.03 (0.98, 1.08)	1.03 (0.96, 1.11)	0.99 (0.85, 1.15)
18 to <24 hours	1.02 (0.97, 1.07)	1.02 (0.95, 1.09)	0.89 (0.77, 1.04)
0 to <24 hours	1.04 (0.98, 1.11)	1.06 (0.97, 1.17)	0.95 (0.78, 1.15)
24 to <48 hours	1.05 (0.99, 1.11)	1.06 (0.97, 1.16)	1.01 (0.84, 1.22)
48 to <72 hours	1.02 (0.96, 1.08)	1.02 (0.94, 1.11)	0.96 (0.80, 1.14)
72 to <96 hours	0.98 (0.92, 1.04)	0.93 (0.86, 1.02)	0.84 (0.70, 0.99)
Distributed lags^b	1.05 (0.95, 1.15)	1.03 (0.90, 1.19)	0.83 (0.63, 1.10)
SO ₂
0 to <6 hours	1.01 (0.98, 1.05)	1.02 (0.98, 1.07)	1.02 (0.92, 1.13)
6 to <12 hours	1.02 (0.98, 1.06)	1.05 (0.99, 1.11)	0.96 (0.86, 1.07)
12 to <18 hours	1.03 (1.00, 1.07)	1.06 (1.00, 1.12)	1.04 (0.94, 1.15)
18 to <24 hours	1.01 (0.98, 1.04)	1.03 (0.99, 1.07)	0.99 (0.91, 1.08)
0 to <24 hours	1.03 (0.99, 1.08)	1.07 (1.00, 1.14)	1.00 (0.88, 1.14)
24 to <48 hours	1.03 (0.98, 1.07)	1.05 (0.98, 1.11)	0.97 (0.86, 1.10)
48 to <72 hours	1.02 (0.98, 1.07)	1.02 (0.96, 1.08)	0.94 (0.83, 1.06)
72 to <96 hours	1.01 (0.96, 1.05)	0.96 (0.90, 1.03)	0.85 (0.74, 0.96)
Distributed lags^b	1.05 (0.98, 1.11)	1.04 (0.95, 1.15)	0.85 (0.71, 1.03)
Ozone
0 to <6 hours	1.01 (0.94, 1.09)	0.94 (0.84, 1.05)	1.10 (0.88, 1.39)
6 to <12 hours	1.02 (0.94, 1.09)	0.96 (0.86, 1.07)	1.04 (0.84, 1.29)
12 to <18 hours	1.04 (0.97, 1.12)	1.00 (0.90, 1.11)	1.15 (0.93, 1.43)
18 to <24 hours	1.02 (0.96, 1.09)	0.99 (0.90, 1.09)	1.27 (1.03, 1.55)
0 to <24 hours	1.04 (0.95, 1.15)	0.95 (0.83, 1.10)	1.29 (0.96, 1.74)
24 to <48 hours	0.98 (0.89, 1.06)	0.87 (0.76, 0.99)	1.00 (0.76, 1.32)
48 to <72 hours	1.09 (1.00, 1.19)	1.00 (0.88, 1.13)	0.98 (0.75, 1.28)
72 to <96 hours	1.13 (1.04, 1.23)	1.06 (0.93, 1.20)	1.21 (0.93, 1.58)
Distributed lags^b	1.15 (1.01, 1.32)	0.94 (0.77, 1.14)	1.36 (0.89, 2.09)
CO
0 to <6 hours	1.00 (0.96, 1.05)	1.01 (0.94, 1.07)	0.99 (0.87, 1.12)
6 to <12 hours	1.00 (0.95, 1.04)	1.01 (0.94, 1.08)	0.93 (0.82, 1.06)
12 to <18 hours	0.99 (0.95, 1.04)	0.99 (0.93, 1.05)	0.96 (0.84, 1.09)
18 to <24 hours	0.99 (0.95, 1.04)	0.99 (0.93, 1.05)	0.89 (0.78, 1.01)
0 to <24 hours	0.99 (0.94, 1.05)	0.99 (0.91, 1.07)	0.90 (0.76, 1.07)
24 to <48 hours	1.03 (0.98, 1.09)	1.05 (0.97, 1.13)	0.96 (0.82, 1.12)
48 to <72 hours	1.00 (0.95, 1.05)	0.99 (0.92, 1.07)	0.97 (0.84, 1.12)
72 to <96 hours	0.94 (0.90, 0.99)	0.94 (0.88, 1.01)	0.81 (0.70, 0.94)
Distributed lags^b	0.96 (0.89, 1.04)	0.95 (0.85, 1.07)	0.78 (0.61, 0.99)

^aAdjusted for ambient temperature (df = 6), relative humidity (df = 3), and weekly numbers of reported influenza cases aged ≥60. Interquartile ranges are 20.6 μg/m³ for SPM, 11.1 ppb for NO₂, 2.3 ppb for SO₂, 25.8 ppb for ozone, and 0.3 ppm for CO.
^bQuadratic distributed lag (0 to lag 3).
CI, Confidence interval; CO, Carbon monoxide; COPD; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, NO ₂, Nitrogen dioxide; OR, Odds ratio; SO ₂, Sulfate dioxide; SPM, Suspended particulate matter.

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ISSN: 1476-069X

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