Table 1 Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of children and their parents by ASD status
From: Blood manganese concentrations in Jamaican children with and without autism spectrum disorders
Variables | Categories | ASD Case (n = 109) | TD Control (n = 109) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | |||
Sex of child | Male | 92 (84.4) | 92 (84.4) | 1.00 |
Age of child (months) | Age < 48 | 21 (19.3) | 18 (16.5) | 0.29 |
48 ≤ age < 72 | 49 (45.0) | 50 (45.9) | ||
Age ≥ 72 | 39 (35.7) | 41 (37.6) | ||
Place of child’s birth | Kingston parish | 22 (20.2) | 76 (69.7) | <0.01 |
Other parishes | 87 (79.8) | 33 (30.3) | ||
Maternal education a (at child’s birth) | Up to high school* | 56 (51.4) | 81 (76.4) | <0.01 |
Beyond high school** | 53 (48.6) | 25 (23.6) | ||
Paternal education b (at child’s birth) | Up to high school* | 58 (54.7) | 92 (87.6) | <0.01 |
Beyond high school** | 48 (45.3) | 13 (12.4) | ||
Number of children in the household (Age ≤ 18 years) | 1 - 2 | 86 (78.9) | 58 (53.2) | <0.01 |
≥ 3 | 23 (21.1) | 51 (46.8) | ||
Number of adults in the household (Age > 18 years) c | 1 - 2 | 72 (66.1) | 65 (60.7) | 0.47 |
≥ 3 | 37 (33.9) | 42 (39.3) | ||
Assets owned | TV | 107 (98.2) | 102 (93.6) | 0.10 |
Refrigerator | 106 (97.2) | 93 (85.3) | <0.01 | |
Freezer | 14 (12.8) | 21 (19.3) | 0.20 | |
Living room set | 91 (83.5) | 51 (46.8) | <0.01 | |
Washing machine | 79 (72.5) | 57 (52.3) | <0.01 | |
Cars or other vehicle | 72 (66.1) | 39 (35.8) | <0.01 | |
Telephone/Cell phone | 109 (99.1) | 108 (99.1) | 1.00 | |
Cable/Satellite connection | 68 (62.4) | 40 (36.7) | <0.01 |