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Table 2 Association between potential confounders and ASD case status using Conditional Logistic Regression (CLR) (218 children, 109 matched-pairs)

From: Blood manganese concentrations in Jamaican children with and without autism spectrum disorders

Variables

Category

ASD Case

TD Control

Matched OR

95% CI for MOR†

P-value

N (%)

N (%)

(MOR)

Paternal agea

More than 35 years

53 (50.5)

29 (29.0)

2.54

(1.34, 4.82)

<0.01

(at child’s birth)

Maternal ageb

More than 35 years

28 (25.7)

11 (10.6)

3.13

(1.41, 6.93)

<0.01

(at child’s birth)

Parental education levelsc

At least one of the parents had education beyond high school

71 (67.0)

32 (31.4)

3.36

(1.85, 6.10)

<0.01

(at child’s birth)

Source of drinking waterd

Piped water

103 (94.5)

104 (96.3)

0.60

(0.22, 1.65)

0.32

Source of water for cookinge

Piped water

103 (94.5)

103 (95.4)

0.83

(0.25, 2.73)

0.76

Fruits and vegetables consumptionf

Root vegetables

A. Yam, sweet potato, or dasheen

78 (71.6)

89 (82.4)

0.52

(0.27, 1.02)

0.06

B. Carrot or pumpkin

94 (86.2)

106 (98.1)

0.14

(0.03, 0.63)

0.01

Leafy vegetables

A. Lettuce

51 (46.8)

67 (62.0)

0.59

(0.35,0.99)

0.04

B. Callaloo, broccoli, or pakchoi

79 (71.6)

101 (93.5)

0.23

(0.10, 0.51)

< 0.01

C. Cabbage

73 (67.0)

101 (93.5)

0.19

(0.09, 0.44)

< 0.01

Legumes

String beans

36 (33.0)

45 (41.7)

0.71

(0.42, 1.20)

0.19

Fruits

Tomatoes

66 (60.6)

90 (83.3)

0.29

(0.14, 0.58)

< 0.01

Ackee

64 (58.7)

100 (92.6)

0.05

(0.01, 0.22)

< 0.01

Avocado

30 (27.5)

73 (67.6)

0.17

(0.08, 0.35)

< 0.01

Green banana

74 (67.9)

98 (90.7)

0.29

(0.14, 0.58)

< 0.01

Fried plantains

78 (71.6)

96 (88.9)

0.20

(0.08, 0.52)

<0.01

Seafood consumption

High seafood consumption

27 (24.8)

48 (44.0)

0.38

(0.20, 0.72)

< 0.01

(More than 6 meals per week)

Ate saltwater fish

83 (76.1)

98 (89.9)

0.35

(0.16, 0.78)

0.01

Ate fresh water fish (Pond fish, tilapia)

47 (43.1)

60 (55.0)

0.58

(0.33, 1.04)

0.07

Ate sardine, mackerel (Canned fish)

82 (75.2)

100 (91.7)

0.28

(0.12, 0.65)

<0.01

Ate tuna (Canned fish)

34 (31.2)

48 (44.0)

0.53

(0.29, 0.98)

0.04

Ate salt fish (Pickled mackerel)

76 (69.7)

99 (90.8)

0.21

(0.09, 0.50)

< 0.01

Ate shellfish (Lobsters, crabs)

6 (5.5)

14 (12.8)

0.33

(0.11, 1.03)

0.20

Ate shrimp

21 (19.3)

30 (27.5)

0.61

(0.31, 1.18)

0.14

Grains consumed

Riceg

106 (97.2)

108 (100)

NR*

NR*

0.99

Fried dumpling

85 (78.0)

101 (92.7)

0.27

(0.11, 0.67)

< 0.01

Boiled dumpling

80 (73.4)

107 (98.2)

0.07

(0.02, 0.29)

< 0.01

White bread

54 (49.5)

84 (77.1)

0.30

(0.16, 0.57)

<0.01

Whole wheat bread

81 (74.3)

67 (61.5)

1.74

(0.99, 3.10)

0.06

Cakes/bunsh

91 (83.5)

106 (98.1)

0.11

(0.03, 0.48)

<0.01

Porridge, like cornmeal, oatmeali

91 (83.5)

105 (97.2)

0.12

(0.03, 0.51)

<0.01

Cerealj

80 (73.4)

100 (92.6)

0.28

(0.13, 0.60)

<0.01

  1. *NR = Not reported because all children in the TD control group reported eating rice.
  2. †If a 95% CI for the MOR does not include one, then we conclude a significant association at 5% level.
  3. aPaternal age was missing for 4 cases and 9 controls.
  4. bMaternal age was missing for 5 controls.
  5. cParental education levels were missing for 3 cases and 7 controls.
  6. dSource of drinking water was missing for 1 control.
  7. eSource of water for cooking was missing for 1 control.
  8. fFruits and vegetables consumption was missing for 1 control.
  9. gRice consumption was missing for 1 control.
  10. hCakes/buns consumption was missing for 1 control.
  11. iPorridge consumption was missing for 1 control.
  12. jCereal consumption was missing for 1 control.
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X