Biomass | Indoor 24-h mean PM2.5 | PM2.5 > 2SD of 24-h mean | Outdoor 24-h mean PM2.5 | Indoor 24-h mean CO | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR†(95% CI) | p | OR†(95% CI) | p | OR†(95% CI) | p | OR†(95% CI) | p | |
Men | ||||||||||
Breathlessness | ||||||||||
mMRC scale ≥ Grade 2 | 7.88 (2.84, 21.88) | <0.001 | 3.10 (1.53, 6.31) | 0.002 | 2.67 (1.50, 4.78) | 0.001 | 1.24 (0.16, 9.63) | 0.837 | 8.33 (0.74, 93.27) | 0.085 |
Wheeze/whistling | ||||||||||
Ever | 2.48 (1.28, 4.82) | 0.007 | 1.61 (0.96, 2.69) | 0.070 | 1.72 (1.20, 2.46) | 0.003 | 3.06 (1.28, 7.31) | 0.012 | 1.28 (0.43, 3.83) | 0.656 |
On most days and nights | 2.03 (0.99, 4.16) | 0.053 | 1.20 (0.65, 2.19) | 0.563 | 1.29 (0.87, 1.91) | 0.202 | 3.31 (1.35, 8.13) | 0.009 | 1.35 (0.34, 5.31) | 0.666 |
Cough/phlegm | ||||||||||
Chronic cough | 0.87 (0.28, 2.69) | 0.803 | 1.45 (0.68, 3.12) | 0.339 | 1.28 (0.78, 2.09) | 0.331 | 9.68 (0.59, 159.2) | 0.112 | 0.73 (0.12, 4.52) | 0.739 |
Chronic phlegm | 0.21 (0.09, 0.47) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.36, 1.33) | 0.268 | 0.66 (0.43, 1.01) | 0.055 | 2.68 (0.83, 8.67) | 0.100 | 0.56 (0.13, 2.41) | 0.432 |
Chronic bronchitis | 0.62 (0.17, 2.31) | 0.476 | 1.75 (0.70, 4.39) | 0.233 | 1.09 (0.60, 1.97) | 0.773 | 3.02 (0.32, 28.02) | 0.331 | Not estimable | - |
Airflow obstruction | ||||||||||
FEV1/FVC < 0.70 | 1.94 (1.05, 3.59) | 0.035 | 0.81 (0.46, 1.45) | 0.480 | 1.24 (0.83, 1.86) | 0.297 | 2.24 (0.57, 8.83) | 0.248 | 1.54 (0.46, 5.19) | 0.488 |
FEV1/FVC < LLN | 1.11 (0.41, 3.00) | 0.840 | 0.86 (0.30, 2.45) | 0.778 | 1.08 (0.55, 2.12) | 0.818 | 2.15 (0.17, 27.33) | 0.554 | 0.41 (0.20, 5.12) | 0.557 |
Women | ||||||||||
Breathlessness | ||||||||||
mMRC scale ≥ Grade 2 | 3.90 (2.00, 7.79) | <0.001 | 1.37 (0.74, 2.53) | 0.313 | 1.80 (1.19, 2.74) | 0.005 | 3.13 (1.17, 8.32) | 0.022 | 0.95 (0.36, 2.56) | 0.924 |
Wheeze/whistling | ||||||||||
Ever | 4.62 (2.71, 7.87) | <0.001 | 1.73 (1.13, 2.66) | 0.012 | 1.73 (1.25, 2.39) | 0.001 | 1.38 (0.57, 3.37) | 0.478 | 2.36 (0.95, 5.81) | 0.063 |
On most days and nights | 3.55 (2.06, 6.13) | <0.001 | 1.53 (0.93, 2.51) | 0.095 | 1.58 (1.10, 2.27) | 0.014 | 1.41 (0.52, 3.80) | 0.501 | 3.31 (1.01, 10.80) | 0.048 |
Cough/phlegm | ||||||||||
Chronic cough | 0.41 (0.15, 1.18) | 0.098 | 0.41 (0.18, 0.92) | 0.031 | 0.48 (0.26, 0.91) | 0.024 | 0.56 (0.13, 2.46) | 0.442 | 0.10 (0.01, 0.65) | 0.016 |
Chronic phlegm | 0.42 (0.15, 1.20) | 0.106 | 0.81 (0.35, 1.86) | 0.612 | 0.62 (0.31, 1.22) | 0.165 | 1.63 (0.31, 8.60) | 0.562 | 0.23 (0.06, 0.95) | 0.042 |
Chronic bronchitis | 0.30 (0.08, 1.11) | 0.071 | 0.39 (0.12, 1.30) | 0.125 | 0.35 (0.14, 0.85) | 0.021 | 0.51 (0.06, 4.45) | 0.541 | 0.04 (0.003, 0.58) | 0.018 |
Airflow obstruction | ||||||||||
FEV1/FVC < 0.70 | 1.30 (0.67, 2.54) | 0.436 | 0.94 (0.53, 1.67) | 0.844 | 0.90 (0.57, 1.41) | 0.647 | 1.54 (0.54, 4.36) | 0.419 | 2.44 (0.70, 8.44) | 0.160 |
FEV1/FVC < LLN | 1.67 (0.66, 4.23) | 0.281 | 1.26 (0.62, 2.58) | 0.527 | 1.45 (0.77, 2.74) | 0.254 | 0.88 (0.19, 4.06) | 0.873 | 2.00 (0.29, 13.69) | 0.479 |