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Table 3 Adjusted* odds ratios for respiratory symptoms and airflow obstruction according to exposure to particulate pollution

From: The effect of exposure to biomass smoke on respiratory symptoms in adult rural and urban Nepalese populations

 

Biomass

Indoor 24-h mean PM2.5

PM2.5 > 2SD of 24-h mean

Outdoor 24-h mean PM2.5

Indoor 24-h mean CO

 

OR (95% CI)

p

OR(95% CI)

p

OR(95% CI)

p

OR(95% CI)

p

OR(95% CI)

p

Men

Breathlessness

          

  mMRC scale ≥ Grade 2

7.88 (2.84, 21.88)

<0.001

3.10 (1.53, 6.31)

0.002

2.67 (1.50, 4.78)

0.001

1.24 (0.16, 9.63)

0.837

8.33 (0.74, 93.27)

0.085

Wheeze/whistling

          

  Ever

2.48 (1.28, 4.82)

0.007

1.61 (0.96, 2.69)

0.070

1.72 (1.20, 2.46)

0.003

3.06 (1.28, 7.31)

0.012

1.28 (0.43, 3.83)

0.656

  On most days and nights

2.03 (0.99, 4.16)

0.053

1.20 (0.65, 2.19)

0.563

1.29 (0.87, 1.91)

0.202

3.31 (1.35, 8.13)

0.009

1.35 (0.34, 5.31)

0.666

Cough/phlegm

          

  Chronic cough

0.87 (0.28, 2.69)

0.803

1.45 (0.68, 3.12)

0.339

1.28 (0.78, 2.09)

0.331

9.68 (0.59, 159.2)

0.112

0.73 (0.12, 4.52)

0.739

  Chronic phlegm

0.21 (0.09, 0.47)

<0.001

0.69 (0.36, 1.33)

0.268

0.66 (0.43, 1.01)

0.055

2.68 (0.83, 8.67)

0.100

0.56 (0.13, 2.41)

0.432

  Chronic bronchitis

0.62 (0.17, 2.31)

0.476

1.75 (0.70, 4.39)

0.233

1.09 (0.60, 1.97)

0.773

3.02 (0.32, 28.02)

0.331

Not estimable

-

Airflow obstruction

          

  FEV1/FVC < 0.70

1.94 (1.05, 3.59)

0.035

0.81 (0.46, 1.45)

0.480

1.24 (0.83, 1.86)

0.297

2.24 (0.57, 8.83)

0.248

1.54 (0.46, 5.19)

0.488

  FEV1/FVC < LLN

1.11 (0.41, 3.00)

0.840

0.86 (0.30, 2.45)

0.778

1.08 (0.55, 2.12)

0.818

2.15 (0.17, 27.33)

0.554

0.41 (0.20, 5.12)

0.557

Women

Breathlessness

          

  mMRC scale ≥ Grade 2

3.90 (2.00, 7.79)

<0.001

1.37 (0.74, 2.53)

0.313

1.80 (1.19, 2.74)

0.005

3.13 (1.17, 8.32)

0.022

0.95 (0.36, 2.56)

0.924

Wheeze/whistling

          

  Ever

4.62 (2.71, 7.87)

<0.001

1.73 (1.13, 2.66)

0.012

1.73 (1.25, 2.39)

0.001

1.38 (0.57, 3.37)

0.478

2.36 (0.95, 5.81)

0.063

  On most days and nights

3.55 (2.06, 6.13)

<0.001

1.53 (0.93, 2.51)

0.095

1.58 (1.10, 2.27)

0.014

1.41 (0.52, 3.80)

0.501

3.31 (1.01, 10.80)

0.048

Cough/phlegm

          

  Chronic cough

0.41 (0.15, 1.18)

0.098

0.41 (0.18, 0.92)

0.031

0.48 (0.26, 0.91)

0.024

0.56 (0.13, 2.46)

0.442

0.10 (0.01, 0.65)

0.016

  Chronic phlegm

0.42 (0.15, 1.20)

0.106

0.81 (0.35, 1.86)

0.612

0.62 (0.31, 1.22)

0.165

1.63 (0.31, 8.60)

0.562

0.23 (0.06, 0.95)

0.042

  Chronic bronchitis

0.30 (0.08, 1.11)

0.071

0.39 (0.12, 1.30)

0.125

0.35 (0.14, 0.85)

0.021

0.51 (0.06, 4.45)

0.541

0.04 (0.003, 0.58)

0.018

Airflow obstruction

          

  FEV1/FVC < 0.70

1.30 (0.67, 2.54)

0.436

0.94 (0.53, 1.67)

0.844

0.90 (0.57, 1.41)

0.647

1.54 (0.54, 4.36)

0.419

2.44 (0.70, 8.44)

0.160

  FEV1/FVC < LLN

1.67 (0.66, 4.23)

0.281

1.26 (0.62, 2.58)

0.527

1.45 (0.77, 2.74)

0.254

0.88 (0.19, 4.06)

0.873

2.00 (0.29, 13.69)

0.479

  1. *Adjustments for age, sex, educational level, income, BMI, smoking status.
  2. OR for 10-fold increase in pollutant level.