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Table 2 Maternal residential proximity to air emissions of chlorinated solvents and neural tube defects, Texas, 1996-2008

From: Maternal residential proximity to chlorinated solvent emissions and birth defects in offspring: a case–control study

Type of chlorinated solvent

Exposure risk value >0 a

Controls

Neural tube defect cases

Adjusted odds ratiob(95% CI)

Anencephaly cases

Adjusted odds ratiob(95% CI)

Spina bifida cases

Adjusted odds ratiob(95% CI)

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

Any type

63599

26.2

619

28.4

0.98

(0.88, 1.09)

173

29.3

1.04

(0.84, 1.27)

371

28.3

0.97

(0.85, 1.11)

Carbon tetrachloride

4568

1.9

62

2.8

1.42

(1.09, 1.86)

13

2.2

1.18

(0.66, 2.10)

44

3.4

1.58

(1.15, 2.19)

Chloroform

3985

1.6

52

2.4

1.40

(1.04, 1.87)

10

1.7

1.09

(0.57, 2.09)

37

2.8

1.55

(1.10, 2.20)

1,1-dichloroethane

1847

0.8

24

1.1

1.36

(0.90, 2.05)

5

0.8

1.13

(0.46, 2.77)

19

1.4

1.70

(1.06, 2.71)

1,2-dichloroethane

6637

2.7

85

3.9

1.28

(1.01, 1.62)

13

2.2

0.69

(0.39, 1.23)

65

5.0

1.64

(1.24, 2.16)

1,2-dichloroethylene

2026

0.8

25

1.1

1.26

(0.84, 1.89)

5

0.8

0.99

(0.40, 2.44)

20

1.5

1.60

(1.01, 2.53)

Ethyl chloride

5271

2.2

70

3.2

1.39

(1.08, 1.79)

16

2.7

1.28

(0.76, 2.15)

50

3.8

1.59

(1.18, 2.14)

Methyl chloroform

5294

2.2

79

3.6

1.29

(1.01, 1.63)

15

2.5

0.85

(0.50, 1.44)

57

4.3

1.56

(1.18, 2.07)

Methylene chloride

38448

15.9

401

18.4

1.03

(0.91, 1.16)

109

18.4

1.03

(0.82, 1.30)

240

18.3

1.02

(0.87, 1.18)

Perchloroethylene

29854

12.3

277

12.7

0.92

(0.81, 1.06)

78

13.2

0.95

(0.73, 1.22)

162

12.3

0.90

(0.75, 1.07)

Propylene dichloride

1518

0.6

16

0.7

1.15

(0.70, 1.90)

1

0.2

−c

−

14

1.1

1.58

(0.92, 2.72)

Tetrachloroethane

1955

0.8

23

1.1

1.31

(0.86, 2.00)

3

0.5

−c

−

20

1.5

1.78

(1.12, 2.82)

1,1,2-trichloroethane

2561

1.1

38

1.7

1.56

(1.11, 2.18)

6

1.0

0.97

(0.42, 2.21)

30

2.3

1.94

(1.32, 2.84)

Trichloroethylene

28547

11.8

274

12.6

0.95

(0.83, 1.09)

78

13.2

0.99

(0.76, 1.29)

163

12.4

0.94

(0.79, 1.12)

1,2,3-trichloropropane

2847

1.2

41

1.9

1.49

(1.08, 2.06)

8

1.4

1.15

(0.56, 2.36)

31

2.4

1.78

(1.22, 2.59)

  1. aExposure risk value based on residential proximity to source(s) of air emissions and estimated pounds of chemical emitted annually.
  2. bAdjusted for birth year and maternal age, education, race/ethnicity, and public health region of residence (referent group: exposure risk value = 0).
  3. cOdds ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals are not reported for analyses with less than five exposed cases.
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X