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Table 5 Maternal residential proximity to air emissions of chlorinated solvents and limb deficiency defects, Texas, 1996-2008

From: Maternal residential proximity to chlorinated solvent emissions and birth defects in offspring: a case–control study

Type of chlorinated solvent

Exposure risk value >0 a

Controls

Any type of limb deficiency

Adjusted odds ratiob(95% CI)

Longitudinal limb deficiency

Adjusted odds ratiob(95% CI)

Transverse limb deficiency

Adjusted odds ratiob(95% CI)

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

Any type

63599

26.2

568

28.7

1.05

(0.94, 1.17)

252

29.3

0.97

(0.82, 1.14)

334

27.7

1.09

(0.94, 1.26)

Carbon tetrachloride

4568

1.9

39

2.0

1.07

(0.77, 1.49)

17

2.0

0.97

(0.59, 1.61)

21

1.7

1.01

(0.64, 1.58)

Chloroform

3985

1.6

37

1.9

1.11

(0.79, 1.57)

16

1.9

1.04

(0.62, 1.74)

20

1.7

1.03

(0.65, 1.63)

1,1-dichloroethane

1847

0.8

14

0.7

1.00

(0.59, 1.71)

7

0.8

1.09

(0.51, 2.32)

7

0.6

0.87

(0.41, 1.85)

1,2-dichloroethane

6637

2.7

52

2.6

0.98

(0.73, 1.32)

24

2.8

0.95

(0.62, 1.46)

29

2.4

0.96

(0.65, 1.42)

1,2-dichloroethylene

2026

0.8

17

0.9

1.09

(0.67, 1.78)

8

0.9

1.11

(0.54, 2.26)

8

0.7

0.89

(0.44, 1.80)

Ethyl chloride

5271

2.2

43

2.2

1.00

(0.73, 1.37)

20

2.3

1.01

(0.64, 1.61)

23

1.9

0.92

(0.60, 1.41)

Methyl chloroform

5294

2.2

46

2.3

0.94

(0.69, 1.27)

23

2.7

0.97

(0.63, 1.48)

23

1.9

0.82

(0.54, 1.26)

Methylene chloride

38448

15.9

361

18.2

1.06

(0.94, 1.20)

164

19.1

1.01

(0.84, 1.22)

204

16.9

1.04

(0.88, 1.23)

Perchloroethylene

29854

12.3

272

13.7

1.10

(0.96, 1.26)

113

13.2

0.95

(0.77, 1.17)

167

13.9

1.21

(1.01, 1.45)

Propylene dichloride

1518

0.6

13

0.7

1.15

(0.66, 2.00)

6

0.7

1.13

(0.50, 2.56)

6

0.5

0.93

(0.41, 2.09)

Tetrachloroethane

1955

0.8

14

0.7

0.99

(0.58, 1.69)

6

0.7

0.93

(0.41, 2.10)

7

0.6

0.86

(0.40, 1.83)

1,1,2-trichloroethane

2561

1.1

18

0.9

0.91

(0.56, 1.46)

8

0.9

0.86

(0.42, 1.75)

9

0.7

0.79

(0.40, 1.54)

Trichloroethylene

28547

11.8

257

13.0

1.01

(0.88, 1.17)

119

13.9

1.00

(0.81, 1.24)

149

12.4

1.04

(0.86, 1.26)

1,2,3-trichloropropane

2847

1.2

24

1.2

1.10

(0.72, 1.67)

11

1.3

1.08

(0.58, 1.99)

12

1.0

0.95

(0.53, 1.71)

  1. aExposure risk value based on residential proximity to source(s) of air emissions and estimated pounds of chemical emitted annually.
  2. bAdjusted for birth year and maternal age, education, race/ethnicity, and public health region of residence (referent group: exposure risk value = 0).