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Table 9 Maternal residential proximity to air emissions of chlorinated solvents and birth defects by maternal age

From: Maternal residential proximity to chlorinated solvent emissions and birth defects in offspring: a case–control study

Type of chlorinated solvent

Birth defect group

Number (%) with residential exposure risk value >0, adjusted odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI)

  

Maternal age group

  

< 35 years

35 years or older

  

Number

(%)

ORa

(95% CI)

Number

(%)

ORa

(95% CI)

Any chlorinated solvent

Control births

56735

(26.2)

˗

˗

6864

(26.3)

˗

˗

Any type of oral cleft defect

1478

(27.3)

0.99

(0.92, 1.06)

240

(30.6)

1.22

(1.03, 1.46)b

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate

934

(26.7)

0.97

(0.89, 1.06)

161

(33.0)

1.37

(1.10, 1.70)b,c

Obstructive heart defects

767

(26.2)

0.98

(0.89, 1.08)

145

(31.0)

1.27

(1.01, 1.58)b,c

Carbon tetrachloride

Control births

4195

(1.9)

˗

˗

373

(1.4)

˗

˗

Any type of neural tube defect

52

(2.6)

1.31

(0.98, 1.75)

10

(4.7)

2.46

(1.23, 4.91)b,c

Spina bifida

37

(3.2)

1.46

(1.03, 2.07)

7

(4.9)

2.49

(1.09, 5.72)b

Any type of oral cleft defect

122

(2.3)

1.02

(0.85, 1.24)

21

(2.7)

1.66

(1.04, 2.65)b,c

Cleft palate alone

47

(2.4)

1.05

(0.77, 1.42)

8

(2.7)

1.76

(0.84, 3.72)

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate

75

(2.1)

1.01

(0.79, 1.28)

13

(2.7)

1.59

(0.88, 2.86)

Chloroform

Control births

3662

(1.7)

˗

˗

323

(1.2)

˗

˗

Any type of neural tube defect

45

(2.3)

1.33

(0.97, 1.81)

7

(3.3)

2.09

(0.93, 4.68)

Spina bifida

32

(2.7)

1.48

(1.02, 2.14)

5

(3.5)

2.16

(0.82, 5.67)

1,1-dichloroethane

Control births

1704

(0.8)

˗

˗

143

(0.5)

˗

˗

Any type of oral cleft defect

40

(0.7)

0.85

(0.62, 1.17)

7

(0.9)

1.49

(0.69, 3.25)

1,2-dichloroethane

Control births

6033

(2.8)

˗

˗

604

(2.3)

˗

˗

Any type of neural tube defect

78

(4.0)

1.31

(1.02, 1.69)

7

(3.3)

0.98

(0.44, 2.16)

Spina bifida

60

(5.1)

1.70

(1.27, 2.28)

5

(3.5)

1.09

(0.42, 2.80)

Any type of oral cleft defect

168

(3.1)

0.98

(0.83, 1.16)

29

(3.7)

1.50

(1.00, 2.26)b

Cleft palate alone

64

3.3

1.00

(0.77, 1.31)

13

(4.3)

1.93

(1.05, 3.54)b

1,2-dichloroethylene

Control births

1862

(0.9)

˗

˗

164

(0.6)

˗

˗

Any type of oral cleft defect

45

(0.8)

0.87

(0.64, 1.17)

9

(1.1)

1.65

(0.83, 3.30)

Cleft palate alone

15

(0.8)

0.75

(0.45, 1.26)

5

(1.7)

2.54

(1.00, 6.43)b,c

Ethyl chloride

Control births

4820

(2.2)

˗

˗

451

(1.7)

˗

˗

Any type of neural tube defect

62

(3.2)

1.36

(1.04, 1.77)

8

(3.7)

1.75

(0.83, 3.68)

Spina bifida

43

(3.7)

1.48

(1.08, 2.05)

7

(4.9)

2.50

(1.11, 5.63)

Any type of oral cleft defect

144

(2.7)

1.05

(0.88, 1.25)

24

(3.1)

1.66

(1.07, 2.56)b

Cleft palate alone

52

(2.7)

1.01

(0.76, 1.34)

8

(2.7)

1.41

(0.68, 2.94)

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate

92

(2.6)

1.08

(0.87, 1.34)

16

(3.3)

1.81

(1.06, 3.07)b

Any type of heart defect

1065

(2.4)

1.14

(1.07, 1.23)

143

(1.8)

0.99

(0.81, 1.20)

Atrioventricular septal defect

43

(3.8)

1.39

(1.01, 1.91)

4

(1.0)

0.58

(0.21, 1.59)c

Obstructive heart defect

92

(3.1)

1.29

(1.04, 1.61)

6

(1.3)

0.63

(0.28, 1.44)

Septal heart defect

883

(2.4)

1.14

(1.06, 1.23)

119

(1.8)

0.98

(0.79, 1.20)

Methylene chloride

Control births

34553

(16.0)

˗

˗

3895

(14.0)

˗

˗

Any type of oral cleft defect

942

(17.4)

1.02

(0.94, 1.10)

158

(20.2)

1.38

(1.14, 1.67)b,c

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate

603

(17.3)

1.02

(0.92, 1.12)

107

(21.9)

1.53

(1.21, 1.93)b,c

Tetrachloroethane

Control births

1801

(0.8)

˗

˗

154

(0.6)

˗

˗

Any type of oral cleft defect

41

(0.8)

0.85

(0.62, 1.16)

8

(1.0)

1.63

(0.79, 3.39)

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate

24

(0.7)

0.79

(0.53, 1.20)

5

(1.0)

1.57

(0.63, 3.93)

1,1,2-trichloroethane

Control births

2354

(1.1)

˗

˗

207

(0.8)

˗

˗

Any type of oral cleft defect

70

(1.3)

1.06

(0.83, 1.35)

12

(1.5)

1.78

(0.97, 3.25)

Cleft palate alone

26

(1.4)

1.03

(0.69, 1.53)

5

(1.7)

2.06

(0.82, 5.19)

Trichloroethylene

Control births

25432

(11.8)

˗

˗

3124

(12.0)

˗

˗

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate

439

(12.6)

1.02

(0.91, 1.14)

78

(16.0)

1.39

(1.06, 1.83)b,c

Any type of heart defect

5067

(11.6)

1.04

(1.00, 1.07)

1025

(12.6)

1.13

(1.04, 1.22)

Obstructive heart defects

338

(11.6)

0.97

(0.86, 1.10)

74

(15.8)

1.43

(1.08, 1.88)b,c

Septal heart defects

4217

(11.7)

1.04

(1.01, 1.08)

857

(12.7)

1.13

(1.03, 1.23)

1,2,3-trichloropropane

Control births

2602

(1.2)

˗

˗

241

(0.9)

˗

˗

 

Any type of oral cleft defect

83

(1.5)

1.12

(0.90, 1.41)

15

(1.9)

1.92

(1.11, 3.32)b

 

Cleft palate alone

34

(1.8)

1.22

(0.86, 1.74)

6

(2.0)

2.11

(0.90, 4.94)

 

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate

49

(1.4)

1.07

(0.79, 1.43)

9

(1.8)

1.80

(0.90, 3.60)

  1. aOdds ratios adjusted for year of birth and maternal education, race/ethnicity, and public health region of residence.
  2. bStatistically significant additive interaction by maternal age group.
  3. cStatistically significant multiplicative interaction by maternal age group.
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X