Table 1 Urinary concentrations of pesticide biomarkers (ng/ml, uncorrected for SG) in pregnant women from PROTECT (Puerto Rico) and comparison with women ages 18–40 from NHANES (U.S. population-based sample)

Insect repellent

DEET

DEET

0.1

PROTECT 10-12

152^a

5 (3.3)

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

3.3

0.1

NHANES 01-02

456

67 (14.7)

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

0.2

57.3

DCBA

1.0

PROTECT 10-12

152^a

120 (79.0)

4.1

1.3

3.5

9.0

59.0

1856

DHMB

0.1

PROTECT 10-12

152^a

36 (23.7)

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

0.5

32.8

Pyrethroid insecticide

Cyfluthrin

4-F-3-PBA

0.1

PROTECT 10-12

116^b

0 (0.0)

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

0.1

NHANES 07-08

364

21 (5.8)

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

4.6

Cyhalothrin, Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Fenpropathrin, Permethrin, Tralomethrin

3-PBA

0.1

PROTECT 10-12

141^c

65 (46.1)

0.2

<LOD

<LOD

0.6

2.3

11.3

0.1

NHANES 07-08

339

235 (69.3)

0.4

<LOD

0.4

1.1

6.5

36.8

Cypermethrin, Cyfluthrin, Permethrin

trans-DCCA

0.6

PROTECT 10-12

152^a

11 (7.2)

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

2.4

7.6

0.6

NHANES 07-08

362

54 (14.9)

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

3.3

29.0

Deltamethrin

cis- DBCA

0.5

PROTECT 10-12

152^a

0 (0.0)

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

0.5

NHANES 07-08

364

5 (1.4)

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

1.8

Chlorophenoxy herbicide

2,4-D

2,4-D

0.4

PROTECT 10-12

152^a

18 (11.8)

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

0.6

0.9

0.4

NHANES 07-08

364

121 (33.2)

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

0.5

1.1

8.3

2,4,5-T

2,4,5-T

0.1

PROTECT 10-12

152^a

0 (0.0)

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

0.1

NHANES 07-08

364

3 (0.8)

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

<LOD

1.2