Urinary biomarkers of exposure to insecticides, herbicides, and one insect repellent among pregnant women in Puerto Rico

Table 2 Associations between time of urine collection or demographic characteristics and urinary concentrations of pesticide biomarkers

Variable	DCBA^a		DHMB		3-PBA		trans-DCCA		2,4-D
	N	β (95% CI)^b	N (≥LOD)	OR (95% CI)^c	N (≥LOD)	OR (95% CI)^c	N (≥LOD)	OR (95% CI)^c	N (≥LOD)	OR (95% CI)^c
Time of day
PM	65	0.0 (-0.4, 0.4)	67 (18)	1.4 (0.7, 2.8)	61 (29)	1.1 (0.5, 2.2)	67 (5)	1.1 (0.3, 4.0)	67 (11)	2.2 (0.8, 6.1)
AM	82		85 (18)	1.0	80 (36)	1.0	85 (6)	1.0	85 (7)	1.0
Age (years)
<24	76	0.3 (-0.4, 1.0)	80 (18)	0.9 (0.4, 2.0)	75 (36)	1.2 (0.6, 2.4)	80 (8)	2.6 (0.7, 9.8)	80 (11)	1.5 (0.4, 5.2)
≥24	71		72 (18)	1.0	66 (29)	1.0	72 (3)	1.0	72 (7)	1.0
Educ. (years)
≤12	33	0.9 (0.1, 1.7)*	36 (11)	1.6 (0.6, 4.2)	32 (16)	1.2 (0.5, 3.0)	36 (6)	4.4 (1.3, 15.6)*	36 (2)	0.4 (0.1, 1.6)
>12	114		116 (25)	1.0	109 (49)	1.0	116 (5)	1.0	116 (16)	1.0
Married
Yes	67	0.0 (-0.4, 0.4)	68 (12)	0.5 (0.2, 1.2)	65 (33)	1.5 (0.7, 3.1)	68 (4)	0.8 (0.2, 2.9)	68(13)	3.5 (1.5, 8.4)*
No	79		80 (23)	1.0	73 (30)	1.0	80 (6)	1.0	80 (5)	1.0
Unemployed
Yes	43	-0.5 (-1.2, 0.2)	43 (16)	2.7 (1.1, 6.3)*	36 (15)	0.8 (0.4, 1.8)	43 (3)	1.1 (0.3, 4.3)	43 (5)	0.9 (0.3, 3.1)
No	103		105 (19)	1.0	102 (48)	1.0	105 (7)	1.0	105 (13)	1.0

Abbreviations: β beta coefficient, CI confidence interval, LOD limit of detection, OR odds ratio.
^aBiomarker concentration was sg-corrected and log-transformed; ^bβ and associated 95% CI calculated using a linear mixed model with a random subject effect and a fixed effect for time of urine collection or demographic characteristic; ^cOR and 95% CI calculated using a generalized estimating equation with a fixed effect for time of urine collection or demographic characteristic; *p <0.05.

ISSN: 1476-069X