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Table 3 Characteristics of spina bifida cases and controls, Texas, 1999-2004

From: Air toxics and birth defects: a Bayesian hierarchical approach to evaluate multiple pollutants and spina bifida

Characteristic

Controls

Cases

P-value

N = 3,695

N = 533

Sex of infant

   

    Female

1,828 (49.5)

251 (47.3)

0.34

    Male

1,867 (50.5)

280 (52.7)

 

Maternal race/ethnicity

   

    Non-Hispanic white

1,344 (36.5)

191 (36.0)

<0.01

    Non-Hispanic black

430 (11.7)

54 (10.2)

 

    Hispanic

1,773 (48.1)

280 (52.8)

 

    Other

138 (3.7)

5 (0.9)

 

Maternal birthplace

   

    United States

2,592 (70.4)

355 (67.4)

0.05

    Mexico

785 (21.3)

145 (27.5)

 

    Other

306 (8.3)

27 (5.1)

 

Maternal age (years)

   

    <20

501 (13.6)

76 (14.3)

0.32

    20-24

1,099 (29.7)

158 (29.6)

 

    25-29

966 (26.1)

141 (26.5)

 

    30-34

754 (20.4)

119 (22.3)

 

    35-39

323 (8.7)

31 (5.8)

 

    ≥40

52 (1.4)

8 (1.5)

 

Maternal education

   

    <High school

1,155 (31.7)

188 (36.4)

0.06

    High school

1,195 (32.8)

169 (32.7)

 

    >High school

1,292 (35.5)

160 (30.9)

 

Parity

   

    0

1,314 (36.9)

190 (37.7)

0.79

    1

1,170 (32.9)

157 (31.2)

 

    2

679 (19.1)

95 (18.8)

 

    ≥3

396 (11.1)

62 (12.3)

 

Maternal smoking

   

    No

3,447 (93.9)

505 (95.5)

0.15

    Yes

225 (6.1)

24 (4.5)

 

Census tract poverty level

   

    Low

922 (25.0)

100 (18.8)

0.02

    Medium-low

925 (25.0)

144 (27.0)

 

    Medium-high

925 (25.0)

137 (25.7)

 

    High

925 (25.0)

152 (28.5)

 

Season of conception

   

    Spring

807 (24.0)

106 (22.5)

0.45

    Summer

798 (23.7)

127 (27.0)

 

    Fall

876 (26.0)

122 (25.9)

 

    Winter

887 (26.3)

116 (24.6)