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Table 2 Hazard Ratios (HR) (whole cohort) and Odds Ratios (OR) (nested case-control study)1

From: Lung cancers attributable to environmental tobacco smoke and air pollution in non-smokers in different European countries: a prospective study

ETS

Hazard ratios

Controls:

  

exposed/total

Exposure to ETS

  

at home and/or at work

1.34 (0.85 to 2.13)

71722/123479 (58%)

PAR%

0.16

 

ETS at work

1.65 (1.04 to 2.63)

58653/123479 (47%)

PAR%

0.24

 

ETS at home

1.03 (0.60 to 1.76)

23396/123479 (19%)

PAR%

0.006

 

ETS in childhood, daily (a)

2.00 (0.94 to 4.28)

10282/60182 (17%)

PAR%

0.14

 

Air pollution

Odds ratios

 

Living near heavy

  

traffic road

1.46 (0.89–2.40)

242/1990 (12%)

PAR%

0.05

 

Exposure to NO2 (b)

1.30 (1.02–1.66)

428/1562 (27%)

PAR%

0.07

 
  1. (a) Reference category: never or seldom exposed to ETS in childhood; never smokers only
  2. (b) more than 30 microgr/m3 vs. less than 30
  3. 1: 95% confidence intervals (in parenthesis) for ETS exposure (home and/or work), exposure to indicators of air pollution and lung cancer. Both OR and HR are adjusted by gender, age (plus or minus 5 years), smoking (former or never smoker), country, school years, energy intake, fruit and vegetable consumption, and physical activity. PAR% = population attributable risk % (see text).