Pollutant effects on genotoxic parameters and tumor-associated protein levels in adults: a cross sectional study

Table 5 Associations between levels of biomarkers of effect and measured internal exposure.

Effect biomarker	n	Parameter of internal exposure	Confounding factors	Regression coefficient	Standardized regression coefficient (95% CI)	Squared semi-partial correlation	p-value
CEA (ng/mL) n = 829	829	Lead μg/L	A/S/LS	0.0084	0.104 (0.044, 0.165)	0.0136	< 0.001
		1-OHP μg/g crt	A/S/LS	0.427	0.101 (0.039, 0.164)	0.0120	0.0016
		Cadmium urine mg/g crt	A/S/LS	0.380	0.099 (0.034, 0.165)	0.0105	0.0032
		ttMA mg/g crt	A/S/LS	1.111	0.092 (0.030, 0.154)	0.0103	0.0036
		Index of internal exposure (I_ex)	A/S/LS	0.445	0.101 (0.037, 0.166)	0.0090	0.0022
Micronuclei (number per 1000 binucleated cells)	773	PCB118 ng/g fat	A/S/LS/BMI	0.0280	0.092 (-0.095, 0.278)	0.0091	0.0083
DNA-strand breaks (%DNA, comet assay)	593	PCB118 ng/g fat	A/S/RS/BMI	0.0051	0.093 (0.007, 0.178)	0.0077	0.034
Oxidative DNA-damage (μg HDG/g crt)	399	ttMA mg/g crt	A/S/RS	4.047	0.096 (-0.003, 0.194)	0.0092	0.057
		1-OHP μg/g crt	A/S/RS	3.178	0.179 (0.077, 0.282)	0.0289	< 0.001

A multiple regression was performed with each effect biomarker as dependent variable with a measured exposure variable and confounding factors as independent variables. CI: confidence interval, n: number of cases, A = age, S = sex, LS = lifetime smoking, RS = recent smoking, BMI = body mass index.