Chronic exposure to outdoor air pollution and diagnosed cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of three large cross-sectional surveys

Table 5 Associations between pollutant exposure and cardiovascular disease in women

		1994		1998		2003		Combined estimate*
		n	% increase (95% CI)	n	% increase (95% CI)	n	% increase (95% CI)	n	% increase (95% CI)
PM₁₀	Crude	3904	1.63	4202	-0.89	4182	6.47
			(-2.52, 5.96)		(-5.26, 3.67)		(1.09, 12.15)
	Adjusted	3385	1.02	3596	-2.91	3469	8.63	10440	1.61
			(-4.14, 6.47)		(-9.62, 4.30)		(0.58, 17.32)		(-2.10, 5.45)
NO₂	Crude	3904	0.12	4202	0.34	4182	1.78
			(-0.79, 1.04)		(-0.75, 1.44)		(0.44, 3.13)
	Adjusted	3385	-0.10	3596	-0.27	3469	1.55	10440	0.18
			(-1.35, 1.16)		(-1.83, 1.31)		(-0.39, 3.53)		(-0.69, 1.07)
SO₂	Crude	3904	0.30	4202	2.01	4197	10.46
			(-1.24, 1.86)		(0.16, 3.90)		(5.72, 15.40)
	Adjusted	3385	-0.34	3596	1.32	3482	8.35	10463	0.80
			(2.34, 1.70)		(-1.22, 3.92)		(1.98, 15.12)		(-0.73, 2.36)
O₃	Crude	3851	-0.60	4169	-0.04	4153	-3.21
			(-2.76, 1.60)		(-2.79, 2.79)		(-6.20, -0.12)
	Adjusted	3333	0.51	3568	1.55	3453	0.23	10354	0.74
			(-2.64, 3.75)		(-2.72, 6.00)		(-4.70, 5.43)		(-1.53, 3.07)

Estimates are % increase in odds of cardiovascular disease with 1 μg m^-3 increase in pollutant concentration
Adjusted estimates are adjusted for age (10 year age groups), social class of head of household (6 groups), body mass index (quartiles), cigarette smoking (never, ex-, current, and region of residence (8 groups), all as categorical variables
*Combined estimate is derived from a fixed effects meta-analysis of year-specific estimates using inverse variance weighting.

ISSN: 1476-069X