Prenatal exposure to tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and the risk of congenital anomalies: a retrospective cohort study

Aschengrau, Ann; Weinberg, Janice M; Janulewicz, Patricia A; Gallagher, Lisa G; Winter, Michael R; Vieira, Veronica M; Webster, Thomas F; Ozonoff, David M

doi:10.1186/1476-069X-8-44

Environmental Health

Table 2 Distribution of Selected Characteristics of Parents and Children by Prenatal PCE Exposure and Outcome Status

From: Prenatal exposure to tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and the risk of congenital anomalies: a retrospective cohort study

Characteristic⁺	Exposed With Anomalies		Exposed Without Anomalies		Unexposed With Anomalies		Unexposed Without Anomalies
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Year of birth
Before 1968	0	0.0	0	0.0	12	12.6	313	10.8
1968-1974	10	16.4	239	15.0	28	29.5	770	26.5
1975-1980	27	44.3	684	42.8	29	30.5	1014	34.9
After 1980	24	39.3	674	42.2	26	27.4	807	27.8
Gender of infant
Male	36	59.0	791	49.7	51	53.7	1454	50.8
Female	25	41.0	801	50.3	44	46.3	1407	49.2
Maternal age (n, mean (sd))	61	28.4 (5.2)	1588	27.6 (4.6)	95	25.1 (4.6)	2886	26.0 (4.9)
Paternal age (n, mean (sd))	61	31.9 (6.6)	1583	30.8 (5.9)	94	27.3 (6.2)	2849	28.9 (5.8)
% White Race	60	98.4	1522	95.5	91	95.8	2774	95.9
Maternal educational level
High school graduate or less	7	11.5	331	20.8	22	23.2	667	23.0
Some college	16	26.2	561	35.2	35	36.8	996	34.4
Four year college grad or higher	38	62.3	701	44.0	38	40.0	1234	42.6
Paternal occupation
White collar	37	61.7	809	51.6	47	51.1	1315	45.9
Blue collar	15	25.0	522	33.3	26	28.3	988	34.4
Other	8	13.3	234	15.0	19	20.7	565	19.7
Gravidity
1	17	27.9	388	24.3	36	37.9	1073	36.9
2	17	27.9	561	35.1	31	32.6	846	29.1
3+	27	44.3	648	40.6	28	29.5	985	33.9
Prior live births
0	22	36.1	491	30.8	43	45.3	1240	42.7
1	24	39.3	615	38.5	31	32.6	934	32.2
2+	15	24.6	490	30.7	21	22.1	729	25.1
History of prior pregnancy loss	20	32.8	273	17.1	13	13.7	436	15.0
Maternal cigarette smoking during first trimester
11+ cigarettes a day	7	11.5	220	13.8	16	17.0	502	17.5
10 cigarettes or fewer a day	7	11.5	168	10.6	9	9.6	356	12.4
None	47	77.0	1202	75.6	69	73.4	2018	70.2
Maternal alcohol consumption during first trimester^&
1+ drinks a week	13	21.3	175	11.0	8	8.5	337	11.7
1-3 drinks a month	20	32.8	389	24.5	20	21.3	714	24.9
None	28	45.9	1022	64.4	66	70.2	1820	63.4
Maternal multivitamin use during pregnancy	59	96.7	1492	94.4	88	94.6	2653	93.1
Maternal occupational exposure to solvents before or during pregnancy	8	13.3	190	12.1	7	7.6	296	10.3
Maternal residential proximity to dry cleaning establishment	0	0.0	7	0.7	0	0.0	8	0.3
Maternal use of solvent-based spot removers: occasional or frequent use	16	27.1	342	21.8	30	31.9	614	21.7
Maternal use of professional dry cleaning: use > = once per month	17	27.9	468	29.7	31	33.7	843	30.4
Maternal use of self-service dry cleaning: ever use	12	19.7	209	13.4	19	20.4	460	16.3

*Prenatal exposure based on final exposure designation.
⁺Individuals with missing data are excluded from the percentages.
^&Heavy users of alcohol were excluded from the analysis

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ISSN: 1476-069X

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