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Table 4 Frequencies, Odds Ratios (ORs), and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for Congenital Anomaly Categories by Prenatal PCE Exposure

From: Prenatal exposure to tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and the risk of congenital anomalies: a retrospective cohort study

Anomaly Category

Exposure Category

Number with Anomaly

Total Number

Crude OR

(95% CI)

Unadjusted GEE OR*

(95% CI)

Central Nervous System

Any

7

1604

3.2 (0.9,11)

3.1 (0.9,11)

 

>1.136 g (40 ug/L)

1

580

--------

--------

 

>0 - <= 1.136 g

6

1024

4.3 (1.2,15)

4.1 (1.1,16)

 

0 (Referent)

4

2908

1.0 (--------)

1.0 (--------)

Neural Tube Defects+

Any

6

1603

3.6 (0.9, 15)

3.5 (0.8, 14)

 

>1.136 g (40 ug/L)

0

579

---------

---------

 

>0 - <= 1.136 g

6

1024

5.7 (1.4, 23)

---------

 

0 (Referent)

3

2904

1.0 (-------)

1.0 (-------)

Cardiac

Any

9

1606

0.9 (0.4,2.0)

0.9 (0.4,2.0)

 

>1.136 g (40 ug/L)

4

583

1.1 (0.4,3.3)

1.1 (0.4,3.3)

 

>0 - <= 1.136 g

5

1023

0.8 (0.3,2.1)

0.8 (0.3,2.1)

 

0 (Referent)

18

2922

1.0 (--------)

1.0 (--------)

Gastrointestinal

Any

11

1608

1.8 (0.8,4.2)

1.8 (0.7,4.4)

 

>1.136 g (40 ug/L)

6

585

2.7 (1.0,7.4)

2.7 (0.9,7.6)

 

>0 - <= 1.136 g

5

1023

1.3 (0.4,3.7)

1.3 (0.4,3.8)

 

0 (Referent)

11

2915

1.0 (--------)

1.0 (--------)

Oral Clefts&

Any

5

1602

3.0 (0.7,13)

3.2 (0.7,15)

 

>1.136 g (40 ug/L)

3

582

5.0 (1.0,25)

5.2 (0.9,30)

 

>0 - <= 1.136 g

2

1020

1.9 (0.3,11)

1.8 (0.3,10)

 

0 (Referent)

3

2907

1.0 (--------)

1.0 (--------)

Genitourinary

Any

11

1608

1.7 (0.7,3.8)

1.6 (0.6,3.8)

 

>1.136 g (40 ug/L)

4

583

1.7 (0.5,5.2)

1.6 (0.5,5.0)

 

>0 - <= 1.136 g

7

1025

1.7 (0.7,4.2)

1.6 (0.6,4.3)

 

0 (Referent)

12

2916

1.0 (--------)

1.0 (--------)

Hypospadias$

Any Exposure

6

1603

1.8 (0.6,5.6)

1.4 (0.4,5.4)

 

>1.136 g (40 ug/L)

2

581

1.7 (0.3,8.3)

1.5 (0.3,7.2)

 

>0 - <= 1.136 g

4

1022

1.9 (0.5,6.8)

1.4 (0.3,6.5)

 

0 (Referent)

6

2910

1.0 (--------)

1.0 (--------)

Musculoskeletal

Any

19

1616

0.9 (0.5,1.6)

0.9 (0.5,1.6)

 

>1.136 g (40 ug/L)

10

589

1.4 (0.7,2.7)

1.5 (0.8,2.9)

 

>0 - <= 1.136 g

9

1027

0.7 (0.3,1.4)

0.6 (0.3,1.3)

 

0 (Referent)

37

2941

1.0 (--------)

1.0 (--------)

Respiratory

Any

0

1597

--------

--------

 

>1.136 g (40 ug/L)

0

579

--------

--------

 

>0 - <= 1.136 g

0

1018

--------

--------

 

0 (Referent)

3

2905

--------

--------

Chromosomal

Any

3

1600

1.4 (0.3, 6.1)

1.4 (0.3,6.1)

 

>1.136 g (40 ug/L)

0

579

--------

--------

 

>0 - <= 1.136 g

3

1021

2.1 (0.5,9.6)

--------

 

0 (Referent)

4

2908

1.0 (--------)

1.0 (--------)

Eye

Any

1

1598

--------

--------

 

>1.136 g (40 ug/L)

1

580

--------

--------

 

>0 - <= 1.136 g

0

1018

--------

--------

 

0 (Referent)

7

2911

--------

--------

Ear

Any

0

1597

--------

--------

 

>1.136 g (40 ug/L)

0

579

--------

--------

 

>0 - <= 1.136 g

0

1018

--------

--------

 

0 (Referent)

3

2907

--------

--------

Other

Any

2

1599

--------

--------

 

>1.136 g (40 ug/L)

0

579

--------

--------

 

>0 - <= 1.136 g

2

1020

--------

--------

 

0 (Referent)

4

2908

--------

--------

  1. *We attempted to calculate unadjusted GEE ORs if there were at least three exposed cases; in some instances the model did not converge and so the ORs are not available.
  2. + Included among central nervous system defects
  3. &Included among gastrointestinal defects
  4. $ Included among genitourinary defects
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X