Domestic water carrying and its implications for health: a review and mixed methods pilot study in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Table 5 Subgroup analysis: head loaders with/without report of head or neck pain.

	Head or neck pain	N	Mean (sd)	Std. error	Mean difference (95% CI)	P value (2 tailed)
Container weight (kg)	No	10	18.06 (6.5)	2.05	4.61 (-9.72-0.49)	0.069
	Yes	9	22.68 (3.4)	1.14
Distance (m)	No	12	334 (209)	60.3	15.8 (-19.4-16.2)	0.854
	Yes	8	350 (167)	59.2
Carrying time (min)	No	11	6 (3)	0.9	12.7 sec (-3.4-3.8m)	0.901
	Yes	9	5 (4)	1.4
TDCT (min)	No	7	17 (12)	4.4	0.16 (-16.1-15.8)	0.983
	Yes	6	17 (14)	5.6
CW/BW%	No	10	39 (15)	4.8	5.6 (-20.7-9.6)	0.448
	yes	9	45 (16)	5.3
RPE	No	11	6.0 (3)	0.9	2.5 (-5.1-0.1)	0.051
	Yes	8	8.5 (2)	0.8

¹Distance is reported in meters as that from the water source to the home in one direction whilst carrying a filled water container; ²TDCT total daily carrying time: equals observed carrying time multiplied by reported usual daily frequency of water carrying; CW/BW%: container weight as a percentage of body weight; RPE: rating of perceived exertion measured with the Modified Borg Scale

ISSN: 1476-069X