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Table 3 Associations of heavy metals with adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of GDM in nested case–control group a

From: A nested case-control study indicating heavy metal residues in meconium associate with maternal gestational diabetes mellitus risk

Metal

Control and case

1st quartile (Reference)

2nd quartile

3rd quartile

4th quartile

p trend b

As

Control (%)

47 (24.74%)

48 (25.26%)

48 (25.26%)

47 (24.74%)

 

Case (%)

11 (8.03%)

32 (23.36%)

44 (32.12%)

50 (36.50%)

 

AOR (95% CI)c

1

3.28 (1.24-8.71)

3.35 (1.28-8.75)

5.25 (1.99-13.86)

 

p valued

 

0.017*

0.014*

0.001**

<0.001**

Hg

Control (%)

47 (24.74%)

48 (25.26%)

48 (25.26%)

47 (24.74%)

 

Case (%)

15 (10.95%)

39 (28.47%)

34 (24.82%)

49 (35.77%)

 

AOR (95% CI)

1

1.68 (0.72-3.89)

1.69 (0.72-3.96)

1.75 (0.76-4.03)

 

p value

 

0.228

0.226

0.185

0.004**

Pb

Control (%)

47 (24.74%)

48 (25.26%)

48 (25.26%)

47 (24.74%)

 

Case (%)

46 (33.58%)

19 (13.87)

17 (12.41%)

55 (40.15%)

 

AOR (95% CI)

1

0.37 (0.16-0.86)

0.16 (0.06-0.44)

0.90 (0.46-1.78)

 

p value

 

0.020*

< 0.001**

0.772

0.498

Cr

Control (%)

33 (24.81%)

34 (25.56%)

33 (24.81%)

33 (24.81%)

 

Case (%)

12 (15.79%)

14 (18.42%)

11 (14.47%)

39 (51.32%)

 

AOR (95% CI)

1

1.74 (0.51-5.96)

1.65 (0.45-6.10)

4.48 (1.40-14.31)

 

p value

 

0.377

0.450

0.011*

0.002**

Cd

Control (%)

22 (25.29%)

22 (25.29%)

22 (25.29%)

21 (24.14%)

 

Case (%)

5 (3.65%)

16 (11.68%)

64 (46.72%)

52 (37.96%)

 

AOR (95% CI)

1

3.07 (0.69-13.74)

16.87 (4.19-67.86)

11.95 (2.97-48.04)

 

p value

 

0.142

< 0.001**

< 0.001**

< 0.001**

  1. aMissing values of Pb were imputed by 1/2 LOD while missing values of Cr and Cd were excluded from statistics. Quartiles based on the control group.
  2. bLinear by linear association. * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01.
  3. cAOR: Adjusted odds ratio. Adjustments made for maternal age, pre-pregnant BMI, gravidity, parity, HBV infection (HBsAg positive), newborn sex. CI: Confidence Interval.
  4. dp value was obtained by binary logistic regression. * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01.