Intensified food production and correlated risks to human health in the Greater Mekong Subregion: a systematic review

Table 2 Studies on pesticide residues in drinking water and aquatic organisms oral Reference Doses (RfD)

Study scope			Sampling results		Daily intake of pesticide residues (% of RfD^a)
Contamination	Geography (province, country)	Period	Biomass conside-rations	Data repre-sentation	DDT, DDD, DDE	HCB	α-HCH	β-HCH	γ-HCH	Endo-sulfan	Hepta-chlor	Cyflu-thrin	Cyper-methrin	Feno-bucarb	Trichlor-fon	Dieldrin
Inland waters [41]	Yunnan, China	2003	Adult^b	Range	0-13 %	0-13 %	0-12 %	0-65 %	0-409 %
			Adult^b	Average	1.5 %	2.5 %	2 %	21 %	75.5 %
			Child^c	Range	0-37 %	0-37 %	0-34 %	0-188 %	0-1180 %
			Child^c	Average	4.5 %	6.5 %	5.5 %	61.5 %	218 %
Fresh water organisms (vegetables, invertebrates, fish) [42]	Pathum Thani, Thailand	2004-2007	Ages 10–75 (mean 36)	Range^d	13.5-31 %			4-9.5 %		1-2.5 %	4.5-10 %
	Pathum Thani, Thailand	2004-2007	Ages 10–75 (mean 36)	Average^e	22.5 %			7 %		2 %	7.5 %
Pond fish [43]	Hanoi, Vietnam	2007-2008	Adult	Range^f	0.5 %							0-0.5 %	0.5-3 %	0 %	0-0.5 %	4.5-40.5 %
	Hanoi, Vietnam			Average^f	0.5 %							0 %	1.5 %	0 %	0 %	15 %
	Phu Tho, Vietnam			Range^f	0.5-4 %							0-0.5 %	0.5-3.5 %	0 %	0-5.5 %	4.5-12.5 %
	Phu Tho, Vietnam			Average^f	1.5 %							0.5 %	1.5 %	0 %	2 %	7.5 %

^aThe Reference Dose (RfD) is an estimate of a daily human exposure (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be safe over extended periods of time; numbers are rounded to the nearest 0.5 %
^bAverage adult weight (Asia) of 57.7 kg [96] and 2 l of daily drinking water consumption [97]
^cDaily drinking water consumption of 1 l at a children weight of 10 kg [97]
^dConsiders the range in local consumption of 2 standard deviations around the mean [42]
^eAverage weight of study participants of 59 kg [42]
^fBased on an average Vietnamese diet (Hanoi) [84]

ISSN: 1476-069X