Parameters | Non-endemic | Arsenic-endemic | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total subjects (n) | Â | 108 | 265 | Â |
Sex (n) | Male | 53 | 145 | Â |
Female | 55 | 120 | Â | |
Age (years)a |  | 35.84 ± 11.17 | 38.32 ± 11.79 | 0.062* |
Occupation [n, (%)] | Male |  |  | 0.259†|
 Farmers | 37 (69.81) | 126 (86.90) | ||
 Business | 0 | 6 (4.14) | ||
 Students | 13 (24.53) | 4 (2.76) | ||
 Tailors | 0 | 2 (1.38) | ||
  +Others | 3 (5.66) | 7 (4.83) | ||
Female | Â | Â | ||
 Housewives | 53 (96.36) | 114 (95.00) | ||
 Farm workers | 2 (3.64) | 2 (1.67) | ||
 Students | 0 | 3 (2.50) | ||
  ‡Others | 0 | 1 (0.83) | ||
Education [n, (%)] | No formal education | 62 (57.41) | 143 (53.96) | 0.397†|
Primary | 39 (36.11) | 93 (35.09) | ||
Secondary | 5(4.63) | 26 (9.81) | ||
Higher | 1 (1.85) | 3 (1.32) | ||
Income/month (US$)a |  | 22.95 ± 5.54 | 24.33 ± 8.86 | 0.071* |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)a |  | 110.1 ± 14.5 | 118.26 ± 15.21 | <0.001* |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)a |  | 69.81 ± 9.57 | 76.70 ± 9.60 | <0.001* |
Hypertension [n, (%)] | Yes | 2 (1.85) | 35 (13.20) | <0.01†|
No | 106 (98.15) | 230 (86.80) | ||
Skin symptom [n, (%)] | (+) symptom | 0 | 184 (69.43) | <0.001†|
(−) symptom | 108 (100) | 81 (30.57) | ||
Smoking in male [n, (%)] | Yes | 20 (37.74) | 59 (40.69) | 0.707†|
No | 33(62.26) | 86 (59.31) | ||
Alcohol intake | Â | - | - | - |
BMI (kg/m2)a |  | 21.13 ± 2.78 | 20.53 ± 3.15 | 0.090* |
Distribution of drinking water As (μg/L) | Range (min-max) | 0.03–13.17 | 0.11–546 |  |
25th percentile | 0.04 | 36.1 | ||
50th percentile | 1.18 | 133.8 | ||
75th percentile | 2.98 | 263 | ||
90th percentile | 5.32 | 400 | ||
Drinking water As (μg/L)b |  | 0.56 ± 7.77 | 76.10 ± 5.91 | <0.001* |
Hair As (μg/g)b |  | 0.23 ± 2.36 | 2.85 ± 2.97 | <0.001* |
Nail As (μg/g)b |  | 0.80 ± 2.64 | 6.60 ± 2.49 | <0.001* |