Skip to main content

Table 1 Descriptive characteristic of the study populations in arsenic-endemic and non-endemic areas

From: Elevated concentrations of serum matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and their associations with circulating markers of cardiovascular diseases in chronic arsenic-exposed individuals

Parameters

Non-endemic

Arsenic-endemic

p-value

Total subjects (n)

 

108

265

 

Sex (n)

Male

53

145

 

Female

55

120

 

Age (years)a

 

35.84 ± 11.17

38.32 ± 11.79

0.062*

Occupation [n, (%)]

Male

  

0.259†

 Farmers

37 (69.81)

126 (86.90)

 Business

0

6 (4.14)

 Students

13 (24.53)

4 (2.76)

 Tailors

0

2 (1.38)

  +Others

3 (5.66)

7 (4.83)

Female

  

 Housewives

53 (96.36)

114 (95.00)

 Farm workers

2 (3.64)

2 (1.67)

 Students

0

3 (2.50)

  ‡Others

0

1 (0.83)

Education [n, (%)]

No formal education

62 (57.41)

143 (53.96)

0.397†

Primary

39 (36.11)

93 (35.09)

Secondary

5(4.63)

26 (9.81)

Higher

1 (1.85)

3 (1.32)

Income/month (US$)a

 

22.95 ± 5.54

24.33 ± 8.86

0.071*

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)a

 

110.1 ± 14.5

118.26 ± 15.21

<0.001*

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)a

 

69.81 ± 9.57

76.70 ± 9.60

<0.001*

Hypertension [n, (%)]

Yes

2 (1.85)

35 (13.20)

<0.01†

No

106 (98.15)

230 (86.80)

Skin symptom [n, (%)]

(+) symptom

0

184 (69.43)

<0.001†

(−) symptom

108 (100)

81 (30.57)

Smoking in male [n, (%)]

Yes

20 (37.74)

59 (40.69)

0.707†

No

33(62.26)

86 (59.31)

Alcohol intake

 

-

-

-

BMI (kg/m2)a

 

21.13 ± 2.78

20.53 ± 3.15

0.090*

Distribution of drinking water As (μg/L)

Range (min-max)

0.03–13.17

0.11–546

 

25th percentile

0.04

36.1

50th percentile

1.18

133.8

75th percentile

2.98

263

90th percentile

5.32

400

Drinking water As (μg/L)b

 

0.56 ± 7.77

76.10 ± 5.91

<0.001*

Hair As (μg/g)b

 

0.23 ± 2.36

2.85 ± 2.97

<0.001*

Nail As (μg/g)b

 

0.80 ± 2.64

6.60 ± 2.49

<0.001*

  1. Abbreviations: As arsenic. BMI was calculated as body weight (Kg) divided by height squared (m2). aMean ± SD. bGeometric Mean (GSD). *Independent sample t-test and †chi-square test were used to test for sample differences in continuous and categorical variables, respectively. +Others included village doctor, security guard, banker and worker. ‡Others included farmer