| Non-GDM | GDM | P-valueb |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 230) | (n = 28) | ||
Pre-pregnancy age (years) | 29.6 (3.8) | 30.2 (2.9) | 0.42 |
Pre-pregnancy age category (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 Age ≤25 years | 14.4 (33) | 3.6 (1) | 0.11 |
 Age >25 years | 85.7 (197) | 96.4 (27) | |
Non-fasting serum lipids (mg/dl)a | 607.1 (113.6) | 678.7 (122.7) | 0.0009 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 26.1 (6.4) | 27.0 (4.6) | 0.47 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI status (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 <25 kg/m2 | 54.8 (126) | 46.4 (13) | 0.40 |
 ≥25 kg/m2 | 45.2 (104) | 53.6 (15) | |
Pre-pregnancy waist circumference (cm) | 87.8 (14.8) | 90.2 (13.2) | 0.41 |
Pre-pregnancy waist circumference status (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 ≤88 cm | 60.9 (140) | 57.1 (16) | 0.70 |
 >88 cm | 39.1 (90) | 42.9 (12) | |
Pre-pregnancy waist-to-height ratio status (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 ≤0.5 | 40.0 (92) | 21.4 (6) | 0.06 |
 >0.5 | 60.0 (138) | 78.6 (22) | |
Parity and gravidity (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 Never pregnant | 41.3 (95) | 35.7 (10) | 0.85 |
 Pregnant without live birth | 7.0 (16) | 7.1 (2) | |
 Pregnant with previous birth | 51.7 (119) | 57.1 (16) | |
Race/ethnicity (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 Non-Hispanic white | 85.7 (197) | 75.0 (21) | 0.14 |
 Other | 14.4 (33) | 25.0 (7) | |
Pre-pregnancy smoking status (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 6.5 (15) | 7.1 (2) | 0.90 |
 No | 93.5 (215) | 92.9 (26) | |
Weight gain from 15–19 years old to pre-pregnancy (%) | |||
 <10 kg | 46.1 (106) | 32.1 (9) | 0.05 |
 10–19.9 kg | 31.7 (73) | 25.0 (7) | |
 ≥20 kg | 22.2 (51) | 42.9 (12) | |
Pregnancy weight gain (%)c | Â | Â | Â |
 Gained recommended weight | 28.2 (59) | 35.7 (10) | 0.05 |
 Gained < recommended weight | 30.6 (64) | 46.4 (13) | |
 Gained > recommended weight | 41.2 (86) | 17.9 (5) | |
Maternal birth weight (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 Low (<2000 g) | 1.7 (4) | 14.3 (4) | 0.001 |
 Normal (2000–4000 g) | 89.6 (206) | 82.1 (23) | |
 High (>4000 g) | 8.7 (20) | 3.6 (1) | |
Maternal history of GDM (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 0.9 (2) | 14.3 (4) | <0.0001 |
 No | 99.1 (228) | 85.7 (24) |