Table 1 Characteristics of mother-newborn pairs (n = 293)
From: Mitochondrial oxidative DNA damage and exposure to particulate air pollution in mother-newborn pairs
Maternal characteristics | Mean ± SD or range and number (%) |
|---|---|
Age, year | 29 ± 4.8 |
Pre-gestational BMI, kg/m2 | 24.2 ± 4.7 |
Gestational age, weeks | 39.2 ± 1.2 |
Maternal education | |
Low | 39 (13.3) |
Middle | 98 (33.5) |
High | 156 (53.2) |
Smoking | |
Never-smoker | 195 (66.5) |
Past-smoker | 51 (17.4) |
Smoker | 47 (16.1) |
Second-hand smoke exposurea | |
Not exposed | 260 |
Non-smoker, exposed | 14 |
Smoker, exposed | 10 |
Alcohol | |
No | 235 (80.2) |
Occasionally | 58 (19.8) |
Assisted reproductive technology | |
Spontaneous | 265 (90.4) |
Hormonal | 7 (2.4) |
In vitro fertilization | 12 (4.1) |
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection | 4 (1.4) |
Artificial insemination | 5 (1.7) |
Newborn’s gender | |
Male | 140 (47.8) |
Female | 153 (52.2) |
Season at delivery | |
Fall | 73 (24.9) |
Winter | 67 (22.9) |
Spring | 94 (32.1) |
Summer | 59 (20.1) |