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Table 2 Characteristics and creatinine-adjusted urinary BPA concentrations of second trimester pregnant women from Northern and Central California, 2009–2011 (n=112)

From: Direct measurement of Bisphenol A (BPA), BPA glucuronide and BPA sulfate in a diverse and low-income population of pregnant women reveals high exposure, with potential implications for previous exposure estimates: a cross-sectional study

 

n (%)

BPA in Conjugated Forma

(μg/g)

GM (95 % CI)

BPA

(μg/g)

GM (95 % CI)

Ethnicity

 Latina

26 (23)

6.52 (2.94, 14.50)

0.17 (0.10, 0.30)

 Black

41 (37)

2.71 (1.68, 4.38)

0.23 (0.14, 0.37)

 White

27 (24)

8.60 (3.39, 21.82)

0.27 (0.16, 0.46)

 Asian/PI/Unknown

18 (16)

4.97 (1.72, 14.33)

0.15 (0.08, 0.28)

Smoking Statusb

 Non-smoker

64 (60)

5.48 (3.37, 8.90)

0.20 (0.14, 0.28)

 Current smoker

43 (40)

4.02 (2.10, 7.69)

0.21 (0.14, 0.30)

Educationb

 11th Grade and below

19 (18)

2.26 (0.96, 5.36)**

0.11 (0.06, 0.22)*

 12th Grade/GED

51 (47)

3.74 (2.20, 6.37)

0.23 (0.15, 0.35)

 College or above

38 (35)

10.45 (5.46, 20.00)

0.25 (0.17, 0.38)

Food-stamp Status

 No

52 (46)

6.46 (3.82, 10.93)

0.23 (0.15, 0.34)

 Yes

60 (54)

3.77 (2.22, 6.39)

0.20 (0.14, 0.28)

Parityb

 Nulliparous

39 (35)

8.74 (4.39, 17.42)**

0.23 (0.15, 0.35)

 Parity ≥1

73 (65)

3.53 (2.30, 5.42)

0.20 (0.14, 0.28)

Combined Annual Household Income ($)

  < 20,000

46 (41)

4.03 (2.35, 6.89)

0.20 (0.13, 0.30)

 20,000 – 40,000

11 (10)

3.77 (0.87, 16.34)

0.21 (0.09, 0.51)

  > 40,000

13 (12)

16.35 (4.02, 66.45)

0.18 (0.07, 0.43)

 Refused/Don’t know

42 (37)

4.34 (2.37, 7.94)

0.23 (0.15, 0.36)

Medi-Cal Insuranceb

 No

20 (18)

5.01 (2.04, 12.28)

0.15 (0.08, 0.29)

 Yes

90 (82)

4.69 (3.07, 7.16)

0.23 (0.17, 0.31)

 

Median (Range)

Spearman ρ

Spearman ρ

Age

25.4 (18.0 - 45.0)

0.00

−0.05

BMI

28.6 (17.2 - 65.8)

−0.02

−0.27***

Gestational Age, weeks

20.0 (13.3 - 24.0)

0.01

0.01

Urine Collection time

12:50 pm (10:00 AM - 4:50 PM)

0.04

−0.12

  1. aBPA in Conjugated form = BPA in glucuronide form + BPA in sulfate form. BPA in glucuronide form = BPA glucuronide*0.5614. BPA in sulfate form = BPA sulfate*0.7404. The factors 0.5614 and 0.7404 are the ratios of the molecular weight of BPA to the molecular weights of BPA glucuronide and BPA sulfate, respectively
  2. bData missing on: smoking status (n = 5), education (n = 4), parity (n = 3), and Medi-Cal insurance status (n = 2)
  3. * = p <0.1 and ** = p <0.05 for Kruskal-Wallis test
  4. *** = p <0.05 for Spearman Correlation test