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Table 3 Urinary metal concentrations (in μg/L) in pregnant women with or without preeclampsia in Kinshasa

From: Preeclampsia and toxic metals: a case-control study in Kinshasa, DR Congo

 

Control (N = 88)

Preeclamptic (N = 88)

Fold difference

P #

Upper reference limit NHANES

Upper reference limit Belgium

Li

6 · 30 (3 · 34-11 · 8)

7 · 02 (4 · 77-9 · 53)

1 · 1

0 · 30

 

100

Al

55 · 4 (21 · 9-172)

132 (48 · 5-400)

2 · 4

<0 · 001

34 · 0b

15

V

1 · 44 (0 · 97-1 · 90)

2 · 09 (1 · 21-3 · 49)

1 · 5

<0 · 001

 

1 · 5

Cr

0 · 88 (0 · 39-2 · 46)

4 · 57 (1 · 02-24 · 3)

5 · 2

<0 · 001

0 · 48a, 3 · 5b

0 · 55

Mn

9 · 20 (2 · 06-27 · 7)

44 · 5 (5 · 32-273)

4 · 8

<0 · 001

2 · 71a

0 · 75

Co

0 · 54 (0 · 21-1 · 37)

2 · 07 (0 · 75-4 · 19)

3 · 9

<0 · 001

4 · 69a, 1 · 8b

1 · 8

Ni

4 · 14 (2 · 42-8 · 98)

13 · 8 (6 · 3-25 · 1)

3 · 3

<0 · 001

12 · 0b

6

Cu

34 · 4 (10 · 6-134)

226 (69.5-562)

6 · 6

<0 · 001

55 · 0b

27

Zn

627 (186-1,129)

5,863 (1,229-40,950)

9 · 3

<0 · 001

766 · 8b

1620

As

26 · 8 (13 · 4-51 · 6)

46 · 9 (26 · 1-79 · 9)

1 · 7

<0 · 001

52 · 2b

300

Se

27 · 2 (13 · 5-54 · 3)

44 · 6 (24 · 0-71 · 8)

1 · 6

<0 · 001

182 · 0b

80

Mo

13 · 3 (7 · 2-29 · 8)

19 · 2 (10 · 7-35 · 6)

1 · 4

0.023

128 · 0a, 66 · 9b

150

Cd

0 · 53 (0 · 29-0 · 68)

1 · 78 (0 · 71-3 · 85)

3 · 3

<0 · 001

1 · 0b

1 · 5

Sn

1 · 25 (0 · 43-2 · 60)

10 · 8 (2 · 2-48 · 6)

8 · 7

<0 · 001

34 · 9b

4

Sb

0 · 46 (0 · 14-1 · 57)

1 · 95 (0 · 84-4 · 85)

4 · 2

<0 · 001

4 · 17a, <LODb

0 · 35

Te

0 · 11 (0 · 07-0 · 19)

0 · 23 (0 · 12-0 · 26)

2 · 1

<0 · 001

<LODb

0 · 4

Ba

11 · 7 (5 · 5-24 · 9)

34 · 8 (8 · 4-123 · 8)

3 · 0

<0 · 001

5 · 27a, 7 · 0b

9

Tl

0 · 23 (0 · 15-0 · 45)

0 · 36 (0 · 24-0 · 57)

1 · 6

<0 · 001

1 · 18a, <LODb

0 · 6

Pb

7 · 98 (3 · 14-13 · 8)

71 · 5 (8 · 89 -398)

9 · 0

<0 · 001

4 · 93a, 4 · 0b

4

U

0 · 04 (0 · 02-0 · 09)

0 · 08 (0 · 04-0 · 17)

2 · 0

<0 · 001

<LODb

0 · 05

  1. Data are geometric means (25th-75th percentile) of urinary concentrations in μg/L
  2. # P-values obtained by contrasting preeclamptic patients and controls in a one-way ANOVA on log-transformed values
  3. Upper reference limit in μg/L for the general US population according to NHANES (US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) as published by Paschal et al. [13] (a, P90) and Komaromy-Hiller et al. [14] (b, P87 · 5)
  4. Upper reference limit in μg/L for the general Belgian population, data from Hoet et al. [15] (upper limit of 90 % confidence interval of P97 · 5)