Development of land use regression models for nitrogen dioxide, ultrafine particles, lung deposited surface area, and four other markers of particulate matter pollution in the Swiss SAPALDIA regions

Eeftens, Marloes; Meier, Reto; Schindler, Christian; Aguilera, Inmaculada; Phuleria, Harish; Ineichen, Alex; Davey, Mark; Ducret-Stich, Regina; Keidel, Dirk; Probst-Hensch, Nicole; Künzli, Nino; Tsai, Ming-Yi

doi:10.1186/s12940-016-0137-9

Environmental Health

Table 3 Alpine, non-alpine and area-specific LUR models for NO₂

From: Development of land use regression models for nitrogen dioxide, ultrafine particles, lung deposited surface area, and four other markers of particulate matter pollution in the Swiss SAPALDIA regions

Area(s)	N	Model	Model			Measures of spatial autocorrelation		LOOCV
Area(s)	N	Model	Adj R²	R²	RMSE	P-value of association of residuals with area^a	Moran’s I (p-value)	R²	RMSE
Alpine^b	78	NO₂ = 7.97 + BUILDINGS_25 * 0.0124 + POP_500 * 0.00658 + TRAFNEAR * 0.000871 + URBGREEN_2000 * -0.00000497	0.50	0.53	6.6	0.1593	0.011 (0.8387)	0.46	7.0
Non-alpine^c	234	NO₂ = −0.83 + NO2_2010 * 0.855 + MAJROADLENGTH_25 * 0.201 + HDRES_250 * 0.0000266	0.64	0.65	6.3	0.0010	0.0658 (0.2217)	0.63	6.4
Aarau	40	NO₂ = 2.29 + TRAFLOAD_25 * 0.0000139 + BUILDINGS_75 * 0.0012 + INDUSTRY_5000 * 0.00000332 + MAJROADLENGTH_500 * 0.00179	0.87	0.88	2.7	-	−0.149 (0.1524)	0.84	3.0
Basel	40	NO₂ = −1.86 + NO2_2010 * 0.738 + HEAVYTRAFLOAD_25 * 0.0019 + HEAVYTRAFLOAD_500 * 0.00000136 + WATER_500 * 0.0000329	0.76	0.78	3.3	-	−0.154 (0.0913)	0.64	4.0
Davos	38	NO₂ = −6.19 + TRAFLOAD_150 * 0.00000604 + NO2_2010 * 1.63 + ROADLENGTH_50 * 0.0552 + BUILDINGS_25 * 0.0102	0.69	0.73	6.1	-	−0.296 (0.1211)	0.62	6.9
Geneva	38	NO₂ = 14.2 + POP_2000 * 0.0000987 + MAJROADLENGTH_25 * 0.234 + HDRES_250 * 0.0000619	0.49	0.53	8.3	-	−0.0393 (0.8908)	0.43	8.9
Lugano	37	NO₂ = 14.1 + TRAFMAJORLOAD_25 * 0.0000293 + TRAFMAJORLOAD_500 * 0.000000331 + WATER_500 * 0.0000436 + INTINVDIST * 0.00357 + INDUSTRY_1000 * 0.0000167	0.64	0.69	5.7	-	−0.0804 (0.4878)	0.57	6.3
Montana	40	NO₂ = 20.9 + TRAFLOAD_25 * 0.0000183 + LDRES_300 * 0.0000315 + ALT * -0.0143 + BUILDINGS_1000 * 0.000024	0.46	0.52	4.3	-	0.0414 (0.5248)	0.39	4.6
Payerne	40	NO₂ = 44 + BUILDINGS_50 * 0.00289 + TRAFLOAD_50 * 0.0000126 + ALT * -0.0749	0.61	0.64	3.1	-	0.218 (0.0639)	0.49	3.6
Wald	39	NO₂ = −10.3 + HEAVYINTINVDIST * 1.35 + NO2_2010 * 1.15 + POP_100 * 0.029	0.89	0.89	3.5	-	−0.00939 (0.8613)	0.86	3.9

^aBold = significant association of residuals with study area; ^bAlpine areas are Davos (n = 38) and Montana (n = 40); ^cNon-alpine areas are Aarau (n = 40), Basel (n = 40), Geneva (n = 38), Lugano (n = 37), Payerne (n = 40) and Wald (n = 39)

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