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Table 1 HAP associated with neonatal, post neonatal and child mortality in India: a pooled analysis for 1992–2006

From: Household air pollution and under-five mortality in India (1992–2006)

 

Neonatal

Post neonatal

Child

Study factors

ne

n (%)f

ORb 95%CI

P value

ne

n (%)f

ORb 95%CI

P value

ne

n (%)f

ORb 95%CI

P value

Type of Cooking Fuel

            

Clean fuela, c

565

2.1

1.00

 

216

0.8

1.00

 

69

0.3

1.00

 

Polluting fueld

5517

4.2

1.23 (1.09-1.39)

0.001

3138

2.3

1.42 (1.19-1.71)

<0.001

1806

1.3

1.42 (1.05-1.91)

0.021

Place of Residence

            

Urbana

1366

2.9

1.00

 

723

1.4

1.00

 

307

0.7

1.00

 

Rural

4716

4.3

1.15 (1.06-1.24)

0.001

2631

2.3

1.05 (0.94-1.16)

0.383

1568

1.4

1.16 (0.99-1.35)

0.054

Wealth Index

            

High incomea

587

2.2

1.00

 

231

0.9

1.00

 

76

0.3

1.00

 

Middle income

2111

3.6

1.27 (1.13-1.42)

<0.001

1100

1.7

1.37 (1.15-1.63)

<0.001

507

0.8

1.51 (1.13-2.02)

0.005

Low income

3328

4.7

1.58 (1.39-1.79)

<0.001

1980

2.6

1.78 (1.48-2.14)

<0.001

1271

1.7

2.37 (1.76-3.18)

<0.001

Mother's Age

            

40-49a

187

4.9

1.00

 

135

3.4

1.00

 

90

2.3

1.00

 

<20

702

6.4

2.25 (1.88-2.68)

<0.001

308

2.6

1.37 (1.11-1.71)

0.004

75

0.7

0.43 (0.32-0.60)

<0.001

20-29

3921

3.8

1.22 (1.04-1.43)

0.013

2144

2.0

0.98 (0.81-1.18)

0.814

1169

1.1

0.80 (0.64-1.01)

0.052

30-39

1268

3.5

0.93 (0.79-1.09)

0.404

767

2.1

0.81 (067–0.99)

0.038

541

1.6

0.86 (0.68-1.08)

0.192

Mother's Education

            

Secondary/Highera

1301

2.6

1.00

 

499

0.9

1.00

 

178

0.3

1.00

 

Primary

944

3.9

1.28 (1.16-1.41)

<0.001

505

1.9

1.66 (1.44-1.91)

<0.001

199

0.8

1.56 (1.25-1.94)

<0.001

No education

3825

4.7

1.52 (1.40-1.65)

<0.001

2344

2.7

2.17 (1.92-2.45)

<0.001

1496

1.7

2.67 (2.22-3.22)

<0.001

Mother's Working Status

            

Workinga

2035

4.4

1.00

 

1145

2.3

1.00

 

769

1.6

1.00

 

Not working

4047

3.8

1.02 (0.97-1.09)

0.424

2209

2.0

1.05 (0.97-1.13)

0.233

1106

1.0

0.85 (0.77-0.93)

0.001

Sex of Child

            

Femalea

2705

3.7

1.00

 

1721

2.3

1.00

 

1108

1.5

1.00

 

Male

3377

4.2

1.17 (1.10-1.23)

<0.001

1633

1.9

0.87 (0.81-0.93)

<0.001

767

0.9

0.64 (0.58-0.71)

<0.001

Breastfeeding Status

            

Ever breastfeda

2488

2.5

1.00

 

1389

1.3

1.00

 

946

0.9

1.00

 

Never breastfed

3594

7.2

3.64 (3.44-3.86)

<0.001

1965

3.7

3.59 (3.33-3.87)

<0.001

929

1.8

2.34 (2.13-2.58)

<0.001

Separate Kitchen

            

Yesa

2601

3.4

1.00

 

1321

1.7

1.00

 

610

0.8

1.00

 

No

3043

4.5

1.16 (1.09-1.22)

<0.001

1827

2.6

1.24 (1.15-1.34)

<0.001

1153

1.6

1.45 (1.30-1.61)

<0.001

Type of House

            

Puccaa

1104

3.5

1.00

 

557

1.6

1.00

 

264

0.8

1.00

 

Semi-pucca

1975

3.7

0.98 (0.91-1.07)

0.687

1661

2.0

1.04 (0.93-1.17)

0.454

583

1.1

0.99 (0.84-1.16)

0.874

Kachha

2985

4.4

1.16 (1.09-1.22)

0.003

1122

2.4

1.08 (0.97-1.21)

0.148

1020

1.5

1.20 (1.03-1.41)

0.017

Year of Survey

            

1992-1993a

2391

4.3

1.00

 

1438

2.5

1.00

 

788

1.4

1.00

 

1998-1999

2104

4.0

0.95 (0.89-1.02)

0.137

742

2.1

0.88 (0.81-0.95)

0.002

731

1.4

1.08 (0.97-1.20)

0.161

2005-2006

1587

3.6

0.88 (0.81-0.95)

0.002

1174

1.6

0.74 (0.67-0.82)

<0.001

356

0.8

0.68 (0.58-0.79)

<0.001

  1. Note: aReference category, bodds ratio adjusted for wealth index, place of residence, mother’s age, mother’s education, mother’s working status, sex of child, breastfeeding status, kitchen location, type of house and year of survey, cclean fuels: electricity, LPG, natural gas, biogas, dPolluting fuels: kerosene, coal/lignite, charcoal, wood, straw/shrubs/grass, agricultural crop and animal dung, en = number of mortality cases of children for neonatal, post neonatal and child age-group, fpercentage of mortality cases