From: Household air pollution and under-five mortality in India (1992–2006)
Neonatal | Post neonatal | Child | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study factors | ne | n (%)f | ORb 95%CI | P value | ne | n (%)f | ORb 95%CI | P value | ne | n (%)f | ORb 95%CI | P value |
Type of Cooking Fuel | ||||||||||||
Clean fuela, c | 565 | 2.1 | 1.00 | 216 | 0.8 | 1.00 | 69 | 0.3 | 1.00 | |||
Polluting fueld | 5517 | 4.2 | 1.23 (1.09-1.39) | 0.001 | 3138 | 2.3 | 1.42 (1.19-1.71) | <0.001 | 1806 | 1.3 | 1.42 (1.05-1.91) | 0.021 |
Place of Residence | ||||||||||||
Urbana | 1366 | 2.9 | 1.00 | 723 | 1.4 | 1.00 | 307 | 0.7 | 1.00 | |||
Rural | 4716 | 4.3 | 1.15 (1.06-1.24) | 0.001 | 2631 | 2.3 | 1.05 (0.94-1.16) | 0.383 | 1568 | 1.4 | 1.16 (0.99-1.35) | 0.054 |
Wealth Index | ||||||||||||
High incomea | 587 | 2.2 | 1.00 | 231 | 0.9 | 1.00 | 76 | 0.3 | 1.00 | |||
Middle income | 2111 | 3.6 | 1.27 (1.13-1.42) | <0.001 | 1100 | 1.7 | 1.37 (1.15-1.63) | <0.001 | 507 | 0.8 | 1.51 (1.13-2.02) | 0.005 |
Low income | 3328 | 4.7 | 1.58 (1.39-1.79) | <0.001 | 1980 | 2.6 | 1.78 (1.48-2.14) | <0.001 | 1271 | 1.7 | 2.37 (1.76-3.18) | <0.001 |
Mother's Age | ||||||||||||
40-49a | 187 | 4.9 | 1.00 | 135 | 3.4 | 1.00 | 90 | 2.3 | 1.00 | |||
<20 | 702 | 6.4 | 2.25 (1.88-2.68) | <0.001 | 308 | 2.6 | 1.37 (1.11-1.71) | 0.004 | 75 | 0.7 | 0.43 (0.32-0.60) | <0.001 |
20-29 | 3921 | 3.8 | 1.22 (1.04-1.43) | 0.013 | 2144 | 2.0 | 0.98 (0.81-1.18) | 0.814 | 1169 | 1.1 | 0.80 (0.64-1.01) | 0.052 |
30-39 | 1268 | 3.5 | 0.93 (0.79-1.09) | 0.404 | 767 | 2.1 | 0.81 (067–0.99) | 0.038 | 541 | 1.6 | 0.86 (0.68-1.08) | 0.192 |
Mother's Education | ||||||||||||
Secondary/Highera | 1301 | 2.6 | 1.00 | 499 | 0.9 | 1.00 | 178 | 0.3 | 1.00 | |||
Primary | 944 | 3.9 | 1.28 (1.16-1.41) | <0.001 | 505 | 1.9 | 1.66 (1.44-1.91) | <0.001 | 199 | 0.8 | 1.56 (1.25-1.94) | <0.001 |
No education | 3825 | 4.7 | 1.52 (1.40-1.65) | <0.001 | 2344 | 2.7 | 2.17 (1.92-2.45) | <0.001 | 1496 | 1.7 | 2.67 (2.22-3.22) | <0.001 |
Mother's Working Status | ||||||||||||
Workinga | 2035 | 4.4 | 1.00 | 1145 | 2.3 | 1.00 | 769 | 1.6 | 1.00 | |||
Not working | 4047 | 3.8 | 1.02 (0.97-1.09) | 0.424 | 2209 | 2.0 | 1.05 (0.97-1.13) | 0.233 | 1106 | 1.0 | 0.85 (0.77-0.93) | 0.001 |
Sex of Child | ||||||||||||
Femalea | 2705 | 3.7 | 1.00 | 1721 | 2.3 | 1.00 | 1108 | 1.5 | 1.00 | |||
Male | 3377 | 4.2 | 1.17 (1.10-1.23) | <0.001 | 1633 | 1.9 | 0.87 (0.81-0.93) | <0.001 | 767 | 0.9 | 0.64 (0.58-0.71) | <0.001 |
Breastfeeding Status | ||||||||||||
Ever breastfeda | 2488 | 2.5 | 1.00 | 1389 | 1.3 | 1.00 | 946 | 0.9 | 1.00 | |||
Never breastfed | 3594 | 7.2 | 3.64 (3.44-3.86) | <0.001 | 1965 | 3.7 | 3.59 (3.33-3.87) | <0.001 | 929 | 1.8 | 2.34 (2.13-2.58) | <0.001 |
Separate Kitchen | ||||||||||||
Yesa | 2601 | 3.4 | 1.00 | 1321 | 1.7 | 1.00 | 610 | 0.8 | 1.00 | |||
No | 3043 | 4.5 | 1.16 (1.09-1.22) | <0.001 | 1827 | 2.6 | 1.24 (1.15-1.34) | <0.001 | 1153 | 1.6 | 1.45 (1.30-1.61) | <0.001 |
Type of House | ||||||||||||
Puccaa | 1104 | 3.5 | 1.00 | 557 | 1.6 | 1.00 | 264 | 0.8 | 1.00 | |||
Semi-pucca | 1975 | 3.7 | 0.98 (0.91-1.07) | 0.687 | 1661 | 2.0 | 1.04 (0.93-1.17) | 0.454 | 583 | 1.1 | 0.99 (0.84-1.16) | 0.874 |
Kachha | 2985 | 4.4 | 1.16 (1.09-1.22) | 0.003 | 1122 | 2.4 | 1.08 (0.97-1.21) | 0.148 | 1020 | 1.5 | 1.20 (1.03-1.41) | 0.017 |
Year of Survey | ||||||||||||
1992-1993a | 2391 | 4.3 | 1.00 | 1438 | 2.5 | 1.00 | 788 | 1.4 | 1.00 | |||
1998-1999 | 2104 | 4.0 | 0.95 (0.89-1.02) | 0.137 | 742 | 2.1 | 0.88 (0.81-0.95) | 0.002 | 731 | 1.4 | 1.08 (0.97-1.20) | 0.161 |
2005-2006 | 1587 | 3.6 | 0.88 (0.81-0.95) | 0.002 | 1174 | 1.6 | 0.74 (0.67-0.82) | <0.001 | 356 | 0.8 | 0.68 (0.58-0.79) | <0.001 |