Fig. 1

Attenuation of RR due to measurement error in a copollutant model (RR₁ = 1.05, RR₂ = 1). For x-axis labels, top row indicates the main pollutant (pollutant 1), bottom row indicates the copollutant (pollutant 2). Overall point estimates shown are the mean over 1000 estimates; error bars indicate the 95^th confidence interval for the 1000 estimates (i.e., the 2.5^th and 97.5^th percentiles of simulated effect estimates; note that extremely narrow confidence intervals result in some non-visible error bars). Note that when copollutant true and noisy model results do not differ substantially, plotted data points overlap. a Spatial measurement error (δ_spatial). b Population measurement error (δ_population). c Total measurement error (δ_total)