Table 1 Population characteristics and air pollutant levels, Emilia Romagna region (2006–2010)
City | Population in 2011 | Annual average of deaths (occurred in the municipality of residence) | Percentage of deaths occurred outside municipality of residence | PM10 concentration ÎĽg/m3 | PM2.5 concentration ÎĽg/m3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monitoring station 2006–2010 (mean ± sd) | PW-average level 2010 (mean) | Monitoring station 2006–2010 mean ± sd | PW-average level 2010 (mean) | ||||||
“background ” exposure | “average” exposure | “traffic” exposure | “background” exposure | ||||||
Piacenza | 100,331 | 1,004 | 12.8 | 37.0 ± 21.8 | 38.5 ± 22.6 | 40.8 ± 24.4 | 33.1 | 24.9 ± 14.9a | 22.5 |
Parma | 175,895 | 1,709 | 8.6 | 34.8 ± 20.6 | 35.4 ± 20.2 | 36.4 ± 21.1 | 31.4 | 21.0 ± 15.8 | 20.6 |
Reggio Emilia | 162,082 | 1,304 | 12.0 | 33.2 ± 19.6 | 37.1 ± 21.1 | 38.9 ± 22.2 | 31.0 | 22.6 ± 15.1 | 20.8 |
Modena | 179,149 | 1,720 | 5.6 | 36.5 ± 23.1 | 41.0 ± 24.1 | 42.8 ± 24.7 | 32.7 | 21.7 ± 15.2 | 20.6 |
Bologna | 371,337 | 3,845 | 15.0 | 25.8 ± 17.2 | 38.5 ± 21.6 | 38.5 ± 21.5 | 28.9 | 16.8 ± 12.3 | 15.3 |
Ferrara | 132,545 | 1,577 | 6.0 | 27.2 ± 15.9 b | 37.6 ± 22.7 | 37.5 ± 22.7 | 27.9 | 20.8 ± 15.1b | 20.5 |
Ravenna | 153,740 | 1,328 | 10.5 | 30.8 ± 14.8 | 29.8 ± 15.5 | 28.9 ± 16.9 | 30.0 | 16.8 ± 11.5c | 19.6 |
Forlì | 116,434 | 940 | 20.2 | 29.4 ± 17.8 | 32.1 ± 18.3 | 35.0 ± 19.5 | 26.6 | 17.7 ± 13.2 | 19.5 |
Rimini | 139,601 | 1,145 | 11.3 | 34.7 ± 19.8 | 34.9 ± 18.5 | 35.4 ± 18.3 | 27.4 | 21.9 ± 17.5 | 19.5 |
9 cities | 1,531,094 | 14,572 | 11.6 | 32.2 ± 19.0 | 36.1 ± 20.5 | 37.1 ± 21.3 | 29.8 | 20.5 ± 14.5 | 19.2 |
Emilia Romagna region | 4,342,135 | 44,844* | Â | - | 27.3 | - | 18.6 | ||