Study | Location | n | Metabolites measured | Levels | LOD | Factors studied | Factors associated with OPs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Berkowitz et al., 2003 [8] | New York, USA | 386 | TCPy | 11.3 μg/g a | 12 μg/L | Indoor pesticides use, maternal age, ethnicity, marital status, maternal education, season | Lower/middle school (−) |
PCP | 7.3 μg/ga | 23.0 μg/L | - | ||||
California, USA | 481 | DMP | 1.7 μg/La | 0.7 μg/L | - | - | |
DMTP | 6.3 μg/La | 0.5 μg/L | |||||
DMDTP | 0.5 μg/La | 0.3 μg/L | |||||
DEP | 1.1 μg/La | 0.3 μg/L | |||||
DETP | 0.9 μg/La | 0.2 μg/L | |||||
DEDTP | 0 μg/La, d | 0.1 μg/L | |||||
PNP | 0.3 μg/La | 0.1 μg/L | |||||
TCPy | 3.2 μg/La | 0.3 μg/L | |||||
Ye et al., 2009 [34] | Oslo, Norway | 110 (pooled for analysis) | DMP | 12.97 μg/g (10.39 μg/L)b | 0.1 μg/L | - | - |
DMTP | 13.21 μg/g (9.91 μg/L)b | 0.1 μg/L | |||||
DMDTP | 0.98 μg/g (0.75 μg/L)b | 0.1 μg/L | |||||
DEP | 2.54 μg/g (1.94 μg/L)b | 0.1 μg/L | |||||
DETP | 1.51 μg/g (1.19 μg/L)b | 0.1 μg/L | |||||
DEDTP | 0.02 μg/g (0.18 μg/L)b | 0.01 μg/L | |||||
Total DAP | 31.23 μg/g (24.20 μg/L)b | ||||||
TCPy | 2.95 μg/g (2.33 μg/L)b | 0.15 μg/L | |||||
Rotterdam (Netherlands) | 100 | DMP | 19.78 μg/g (14.87 μg/L)b | 0.1 μg/L | |||
DMTP | 19.42 μg/g (15.14 μg/L)b | 0.1 μg/L | |||||
DMDTP | 0.85 μg/g (0.65 μg/L)b | 0.1 μg/L | |||||
DEP | 5.02 μg/g (3.83 μg/L)b | 0.1 μg/L | |||||
DETP | 2.98 μg/g (2.49 μg/L)b | 0.1 μg/L | |||||
DEDTP | 0.12 μg/g (0.10 μg/L)b | 0.01 μg/L | |||||
Total DAP | 48.18 μg/g (37.08 μg/L)b | ||||||
TCPy | 4.38 μg/g (3.61 μg/L)b | 0.15 μg/L | |||||
USA (NHANES) | 119 | DMP | 2.33 μg/g (3.22 μg/L)b | 0.5 μg/L | |||
DMTP | 6.47 μg/g (7.09 μg/L)b | 0.4 μg/L | |||||
DMDTP | 1.22 μg/g (1.50 μg/L)b | 0.2 μg/L | |||||
DEP | 2.36 μg/g (2.38 μg/L)b | 0.1 μg/L | |||||
DETP | 1.22 μg/g (1.59 μg/L)b | 0.1 μg/L | |||||
DEDTP | 0.18 μg/g (0.17 μg/L)b | 0.1 μg/L | |||||
Total DAP | 13.78 μg/g (16.96 μg/L)b | ||||||
TCPy | 2.59 μg/g (2.77 μg/L)b | 0.4 μg/L | |||||
Wang et al., 2012 [14] | Shanghai, China | 187 | DMP | 25.75 μg/g (17.19 μg/L)b | Nr | - | - |
DMTP | 11.99 μg/g (8.01 μg/L)b | ||||||
DEP | 9.03 μg/g (6.03 μg/L)b | ||||||
DETP | 9.45 μg/g (6.31 μg/L)b | ||||||
DEDTP | P25: 0.94 μg/g | ||||||
Yolton et al., 2013 [21] | Cincinnati, USA | 100 | SumDEP | 9.4 (8–11.1) nmol/g creatininec | 0.6 μg/L for DMP, 0.2 μg/L for DMTP, 0.5 μg/L for DMDTP, 0.6 μg/L for DEP, 0.4 μg/L for DETP and 0.4 μg/L for DEDTP | sex, race, maternal education, marital status, maternal employment, fresh fruit and vegetable intake, organic use | black (−), not married living alone (−), higher education (+) and veg/fruit intake (+) |
SumDMP | 46.4 (40.2–53.7) nmol/g creatininec | Black (−), higher education (+), not married (−), employed (+), veg/fruit intake (+), organic use (+) | |||||
SumDAP | 73.5 (64.8–83.4) nmol/g creatininec | Black (−), higher education (+), not married (−), employed (+), veg/fruit intake (+), organic use (+) | |||||
Fortenberry et al., 2014 [35] | Mexico DF, Mexico | 187 | TCPy | 1.76 (1.55. 2.02) μg/L c | 0.10 μg/L | - | - |
Colapinto et al., 2015 [22] | Canada | 1850 | DMP | 3.19 μg/Lb | 1.0 μg/L | Maternal tea consumption | - |
DMTP | 3.29 μg/Lb | 0.6 μg/L | |||||
DMDTP | 0.48 μg/Lb | 0.3 μg/L | |||||
DEP | 2.46 μg/Lb | 1.0 μg/L | |||||
DETP | 0.67 μg/Lb | 0.3 μg/L | |||||
DEDTP | <0.15 μg/L | 0.3 μg/L | |||||
Forde et al., 2015 [36] | Caribbean Islands | 150 | DEP | 1.65 (1.39–1.97) μg/Lc | 1.0 μg/L | - | - |
DETP | DF < 60% | 0.3 μg/L | |||||
DMP | 1.60 (1.33–1.94) μg/L c | 1.0 μg/L | |||||
Lewis et al., 2015 [23] | Puerto Rico | 54 | TCPy | 0.4 μg/Lb | 0.1 μg/L | Sociodemographic, consumption of fruits, vegetables, and legumes in the 48 h prior to urine collection, and home pest-related issues | Decreasing age (−), grape juice intake (+), raisins (+) |
IMPY | <LOD | 0.1 μg/L | Decreasing age (−), married (−), insects inside home (−) | ||||
PNP | 0.5 μg/Lb | 0.1 μg/L | Unemployed (+), collards intake (−), spinach intake (−) | ||||
DEP | 0.9 μg/Lb | 0.5 μg/L | Decreasing age (−), collards intake (+), peanuts intake (+), pesticides applied by participant (+) | ||||
DETP | 0.5 μg/Lb | 0.3 μg/L | Age (−), grape juice intake (+), raisins (+) | ||||
DEDTP | <LOD | 0.1 μg/L | Cherries intake (+), pesticides stored at home (−) | ||||
DMP | 1.4 μg/Lb | 0.5 μg/L | Married (+), grapes intake (−) | ||||
DMTP | 0.8 μg/Lb | 0.1 μg/L | Married (+) | ||||
DMDTP | 0.2 μg/Lb | 0.1 μg/L | Collards intake (+) | ||||
Sokoloff et al., 2016 [24] | Canada | 1884 | DMP | 23 (22–24) nmol/L | 1.00 μg/L | Maternal and sampling characteristics, pesticide use and dwelling characteristics, vegetables and fruit consumption, grain products consumption | |
DMTP | 20 (19–22) nmol/L | 0.60 μg/L | |||||
DMDTP | 2 (2–2) nmol/L | 0.30 μg/L | |||||
DEP | 14 (14–15) nmol/L | 1.00 μg/L | |||||
DETP | 3 (3–3) nmol/L | 0.60 μg/L | |||||
DEDTP | DF < 50% | 0.30 μg/L | |||||
SumDMP | 52 (49–55) nmol/L | 0.30 μg/L | Education (+), parity (−), BMI (−), smokers (−), afternoon sample collection (+), in fasting status (−), sample collected in winter (+), consumption of sweet peppers (+), tomatoes (+), beans and dry beans (+), citrus fruits (+), apple juice (+), soy and rice beverages (+), cold cereal (+), white and whole grain bread (+) | ||||
SumDEP | 19 (18–19) nmol/L | 0.30 μg/L | Education (+), household income (+), parity (−), BMI (−), smoker (−), sample collected in winter (+), consumption of citrus fruit (+), apple juice (+), pasta (−), | ||||
SumDAP | 78 (74–82) nmol/L | 0.30 μg/L |