Table 2 Prevalence exposures and association between periconceptional maternal occupational exposure and all oral clefts, cleft palate (CP), and cleft lip with/without cleft palate (CL(P)) using chromosomal/monogenic controls
From: Maternal occupational exposure and oral clefts in offspring
Exposure | Diagnosis | Prevalence exposure | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | OR | 95% CI | aORa | 95%CI | ||
Any agent | Chromosomal control | 465 | 41.0 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 170 | 43.9 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.4 | 1.0 | 0.8–1.3 | |
CP | 42 | 33.9 | 0.7 | 0.5–1.1 | 0.7 | 0.5–1.1 | |
CL(P) | 128 | 48.7 | 1.4 | 1.0–1.8 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.6 | |
Solvents | Chromosomal control | 281 | 24.8 | Ref | |||
All oral cleft | 103 | 26.6 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.4 | 1.0 | 0.8–1.4 | |
CP | 29 | 23.4 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.4 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.4 | |
CL(P) | 74 | 28.1 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.6 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.5 | |
Aromatic solvents | Chromosomal control | 50 | 4.4 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 17 | 4.4 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.8 | 1.1 | 0.6–1.8 | |
CP | 5 | 4.0 | 0.9 | 0.4–2.3 | 1.0 | 0.4–2.6 | |
CL(P) | 12 | 4.6 | 1.0 | 0.5–2.0 | 1.1 | 0.5–2.0 | |
Chlorinated solvents | Chromosomal control | 53 | 4.7 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 18 | 4.7 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.7 | 1.0 | 0.5–1.7 | |
CP | 4 | 3.2 | 0.7 | 0.2–1.9 | 0.7 | 0.2–1.9 | |
CL(P) | 14 | 5.3 | 1.1 | 0.6–2.1 | 1.1 | 0.6–2.0 | |
Other solvents | Chromosomal control | 263 | 23.2 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 99 | 25.6 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.5 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.4 | |
CP | 28 | 22.6 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.5 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.5 | |
CL(P) | 71 | 27.0 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.7 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.6 | |
Pesticides | Chromosomal control | 27 | 2.4 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 14 | 3.6 | 1.5 | 0.8–3.0 | 1.5 | 0.8–3.0 | |
CP | 5 | 4.0 | 1.7 | 0.7–4.6 | 1.7 | 0.6–4.6 | |
CL(P) | 9 | 3.4 | 1.5 | 0.7–3.1 | 1.4 | 0.6–3.1 | |
Fungicides | Chromosomal control | 23 | 2.0 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 13 | 3.4 | 1.7 | 0.8–3.4 | 1.7 | 0.8–3.5 | |
CP | 5 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 0.8–5.4 | 2.1 | 0.7–5.7 | |
CL(P) | 8 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 0.7–3.4 | 1.5 | 0.6–3.4 | |
Herbicides | Chromosomal control | 15 | 1.3 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 6 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.5–3.1 | 1.2 | 0.4–3.1 | |
CP | 1 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.1–4 6 | 0.6 | 0.1–4.6 | |
CL(P) | 5 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 0.5–4.0 | 1.3 | 0.5–3.9 | |
Insecticides | Chromosomal control | 25 | 2.2 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 14 | 3.6 | 1.7 | 0.9–3.2 | 1.7 | 0.8–3.3 | |
CP | 5 | 4.0 | 1.9 | 0.7–5.0 | 1.8 | 0.7–5.0 | |
CL(P) | 9 | 3.4 | 1.6 | 0.7–3.4 | 1.5 | 0.7–3.3 | |
Heavy metals | Chromosomal control | 14 | 1.3 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 4 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.3–2.6 | 0.6 | 0.2–2.3 | |
CP | 1 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.1–5.0 | 0.6 | 0.1–5.0 | |
CL(P) | 3 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.3–3.2 | 0.8 | 0.2–3.1 | |
Dust | Chromosomal control | 385 | 33.9 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 146 | 37.7 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.5 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.4 | |
CP | 37 | 28.8 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.2 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.2 | |
CL(P) | 109 | 41.4 | 1.3 | 0.9–1.7 | 1.3 | 0.9–1.7 | |
Organic dust | Chromosomal control | 370 | 32.6 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 142 | 36.7 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.5 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.4 | |
CP | 36 | 29.0 | 0.8 | 0.6–1.3 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.2 | |
CL(P) | 106 | 40.3 | 1.4 | 1.1–1.8 | 1.3 | 0.9–1.7 | |
Mineral dust | Chromosomal control | 111 | 9.8 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 40 | 10.3 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.6 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.6 | |
CP | 9 | 7.3 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.5 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.6 | |
CL(P) | 31 | 11.8 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.9 | 1.2 | 0.8–2.0 | |
Gases and fumes | Chromosomal control | 353 | 31.1 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 126 | 32.6 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.4 | 1.0 | 0.8–1.3 | |
CP | 29 | 23.4 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.0 | 0.6 | 0.4–1.0 | |
CL(P) | 97 | 36.9 | 1.3 | 1.0–1.7 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.6 | |