From: Ambient ultraviolet radiation exposure and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States
 | Cases (n = 56,245) | U.S. countiesa |
---|---|---|
Age at diagnosis (mean ± SD) | 62.4 ± 11.6 |  |
Sex (n[%]) | ||
 Male | 43,357 (77.1) |  |
 Female | 12,888 (22.9) |  |
Race (n[%]) | ||
 White | 38,546 (68.5) |  |
 Black | 7737 (13.8) |  |
 Asian or Pacific Islander | 9305 (16.5) |  |
 American Indian or Alaskan Native | 657 (1.2) |  |
Region of residence at diagnosis | ||
 Northeast | 7596 (13.5) |  |
 South | 9995 (17.8) |  |
 Midwest | 4084 (7.3) |  |
 West | 34,570 (61.5) |  |
Year of diagnosis (n[%]) | ||
 2000–2007 | 23,589 (41.9) |  |
 2008–2014 | 32,656 (58.1) |  |
Average UV from 1980 to 1999 (mW/m2) (mean ± SD)b | 214.4 ± 36.1 | 193.1 ± 24.2 |
Heavy alcohol consumption (mean ± SD)b | 8.3 ± 2.2 | 6.4 ± 2.1 |
Smoking status (mean ± SD)b | 23.9 ± 4.8 | 26.7 ± 3.6 |
Any physical activity (mean ± SD)b, c | 76.9 ± 5.8 | 71.7 ± 6.1 |
Obesity (mean ± SD)b, c | 25.7 ± 4.1 | 30.0 ± 3.9 |
Diabetes (mean ± SD)b | 11.4 ± 1.7 | 10.9 ± 1.9 |
Median household income ($10,000) (mean ± SD)b | 47.1 ± 11.1 | 35.3 ± 8.8 |
Bachelor’s degree or higher (mean ± SD)b | 26.1 ± 9.2 | 16.5 ± 7.8 |
Unemployed (mean ± SD)b | 6.5 ± 2.3 | 5.8 ± 2.7 |
Urbanicity (n[%])b | ||
 Rural | 460 (0.8) | 21.1 |
 Urban | 55,785 (99.2) | 78.8 |
PM2.5 (μg/m3) (mean ± SD)b | 14.6 ± 3.1 | 12.6 ± 3.2 |
Occupation in agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting, or construction (mean ± SD)b | 13.8 ± 8.4 | 13.9 ± 3.8 |
Drug poisoning mortality rate (per 100,000) (n[%])b | ||
 0–2 | 617 (1.1) | 23.1 |
 2.1–10 | 50,429 (89.7) | 70.4 |
  ≥ 10.1 | 5199 (9.2) | 6.5 |
Foreign born (mean ± SD)b | 17.9 ± 12.1 | 3.4 ± 7.8 |