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Table 1 Demographic and general characteristics of the study participants

From: Blood lead level is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Yangtze River Delta region of China in the context of rapid urbanization

 

Men

 

Women

 

Non-NAFLD

NAFLD

P

Non-NAFLD

NFALD

P

N

311

214

 

876

610

 

Age, yr

56 (44–64)

57 (44–66)

0.723

51 (41–61)

59 (51–64)

<0.001

Blood lead level, μg/dL

5.12 (3.30–6.90)

5.65 (4.00–7.76)

0.006

4.24 (2.80–6.24)

4.80 (3.20–6.94)

<0.001

Blood cadmium level, μg/dL

0.15 (0.05–0.32)

0.21 (0.08–0.36)

0.017

0.14 (0.05–0.31)

0.16 (0.06–0.31)

0.295

ALT, U/L

19.0 (15.0–26.0)

24.0 (18.0–34.0)

<0.001

15.0 (12.0–20.0)

18.0 (15.0–25.0)

<0.001

Educational level, %

  

0.380

  

0.001

<High School

76.0

77.9

 

83.9

90.5

 

High school

15.4

16.8

 

10.7

7.5

 

>High School

8.6

5.3

 

5.4

2.0

 

Waist circumference, cm

76.5 (72.0–83.0)

86.0 (82.0–92.0)

<0.001

72.0 (68.0–78.0)

83.0 (77.0–89.0)

<0.001

Body mass index, kg/m2

22.5 (20.8–24.5)

26.1 (23.8–28.0)

<0.001

22.4 (20.4–24.4)

26.0 (24.2–28.4)

<0.001

LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L

2.67 (2.26–3.09)

2.92 (2.46–3.38)

<0.001

2.63 (2.24–3.09)

2.97 (2.54–3.43)

<0.001

HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L

1.39 (1.18–1.58)

1.22 (1.08–1.40)

<0.001

1.51 (1.32–1.71)

1.39 (1.23–1.58)

<0.001

Triglycerides, mmol/L

1.10 (0.86–1.49)

1.66 (1.19–2.35)

<0.001

1.06 (0.81–1.46)

1.48 (1.08–2.14)

<0.001

Total-cholesterol, mmol/L

4.84 (4.25–5.41)

5.09 (4.56–5.68)

0.001

4.87 (4.33–5.48)

5.27 (4.58–5.93)

<0.001

Diabetes, %

9.7

15.0

0.002

5.4

19.7

0.001

Current smoker, %

47.1

49.0

0.681

1.8

2.3

0.524

  1. Data were summarized as median with interquartile range for continuous variables or as number with proportion for categorical variables
  2. NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, ALT alanine aminotransferase, LDL low-density lipoprotein, HDL high-density lipoprotein