| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | P for trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | |||||
 N | 133 | 130 | 131 | 131 |  |
 Blood lead level, μg/dL | ≤3.60 | 3.61–5.29 | 5.30–7.28 | ≥7.29 |  |
 Age, yr | 52 (39–61) | 53 (42–64) | 59 (48–66) | 60 (51–69) | <0.001 |
 Blood cadmium level, μg/dL | 0.07 (0.04–0.23) | 0.16 (0.07–0.29)) | 0.19 (0.08–0.33) | 0.30 (0.12–0.45) | <0.001 |
 Educational level, % |  |  |  |  | <0.001 |
  < High School | 69.3 | 69.6 | 84.5 | 82.5 |  |
 High school | 17.5 | 21.4 | 12.2 | 13.3 |  |
  > High School | 13.2 | 9.0 | 3.3 | 4.2 |  |
 ALT, U/L | 21.0 (17.0–33.0) | 20.0 (16.0–27.0) | 21.0 (16.0–28.0) | 20.0 (15.0–28.0) | 0.062 |
 Waist circumference, cm | 80.0 (74.0–86.0) | 80.0 (73.0–86.0) | 80.0 (75.0–87.0) | 84.0 (76.0–90.0) | 0.029 |
 Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.5 (21.6–26.3) | 23.6 (21.1–26.0) | 23.7 (21.7–26.0) | 24.1 (22.0–27.3) | 0.157 |
 LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.81 (2.30–3.15) | 2.66 (2.31–3.10) | 2.74 (2.33–3.25) | 2.90 (2.34–3.29) | 0.206 |
 HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.34 (1.17–1.54) | 1.34 (1.09–1.53) | 1.28 (1.10–1.49) | 1.32 (1.14–1.52) | 0.340 |
 Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.30 (0.90–1.85) | 1.28 (0.96–1.74) | 1.33 (0.93–1.99) | 1.28 (0.97–1.90) | 0.817 |
 Total-cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.92 (4.37–5.56) | 4.84 (4.31–5.43) | 4.93 (4.26–5.47) | 4.95 (4.38–5.60) | 0.694 |
 Diabetes, % | 12.0 | 7.7 | 12.3 | 15.3 | 0.017 |
 Current smoker, % | 46.5 | 54.5 | 52.8 | 39.0 | 0.076 |
Women | |||||
 N | 372 | 371 | 372 | 371 |  |
 Blood lead level, μg/dL | ≤2.97 | 2.98–4.49 | 4.50–6.59 | ≥6.60 |  |
 Age, yr | 52 (41–60) | 53 (43–62) | 54 (45–63) | 59 (50–66) | <0.001 |
 Blood cadmium level, μg/dL | 0.06 (0.03–0.13) | 0.13 (0.06–0.27) | 0.18 (0.07–0.34) | 0.27 (0.14–0.44) | <0.001 |
 Educational level, % |  |  |  |  | 0.001 |
  < High School | 84.1 | 82.2 | 89.1 | 90.9 |  |
 High school | 10.8 | 12.2 | 7.3 | 7.3 |  |
  > High School | 5.1 | 5.6 | 3.6 | 1.8 |  |
 ALT, U/L | 17.0 (13.0–22.0) | 17.0 (13.0–23.0) | 16.0 (13.0–22.0) | 16.0 (13.0–20.0) | 0.930 |
 Waist circumference, cm | 75.0 (70.0–82.0) | 76.0 (70.0–82.0) | 76.0 (70.0–84.3) | 79.0 (72.0–85.0) | <0.001 |
 Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.2 (21.0–25.6) | 23.7 (21.2–25.8) | 24.0 (21.7–26.4) | 24.8 (22.5–27.9) | <0.001 |
 LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.61 (2.24–3.18) | 2.68 (2.28–3.16) | 2.80 (2.35–3.31) | 2.94 (2.56–3.40) | <0.001 |
 HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.47 (1.28–1.63) | 1.47 (1.27–1.66) | 1.45 (1.29–1.67) | 1.47 (1.29–1.68) | 0.118 |
 Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.18 (0.83–1.58) | 1.21 (0.88–1.69) | 1.21 (0.92–1.71) | 1.27 (0.95–1.82) | 0.03 |
 Total-cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.91 (4.33–5.66) | 4.88 (4.36–5.55) | 5.04 (4.47–5.64) | 5.18 (4.55–5.78) | 0.004 |
 Diabetes, % | 8.3 | 11.1 | 11.0 | 14.6 | 0.20 |
 Current smoker, % | 3.6 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 0.147 |