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Table 3 Frequencies, Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for Stillbirth According to Average Monthly PCE Exposure (in grams) During Birth Year

From: Modeled exposure to tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and the risk of placenta-related stillbirths: a case-control study from Massachusetts and Rhode Island

 

Number of Cases

Number of Controls

Crude Odds Ratio (95% CI)

Multivariatea Odds Ratio (95% CI)

All Stillbirths b

 Any Exposure

224

545

1.4 (1.0–1.8)

1.7 (1.2–2.4)

 No Exposure

72

238

1.0 (---)

1.0 (---)

Exposure Categorized in Percentilesc

  > = 90th

32

55

1.9 (1.2–3.2)

1.9 (1.1–3.2)

  > 50th - < 90th

95

217

1.4 (1.0–2.1)

1.7 (1.1–2.5)

  > 0 - 50th

97

273

1.2 (0.8–1.7)

1.5 (1.0–2.3)

 0 (Referent)

72

238

1.0 (---)

1.0 (---)

Exposure Categorized by 1980 Action Leveld

  > 40 μg/L

25

30

2.8 (1.5–5.0)

2.6 (1.4–4.8)

  > 0 - < =40 μg/L

199

515

1.3 (0.9–1.7)

1.5 (1.1–2.2)

 0 (Referent)

72

238

1.0 (---)

1.0 (---)

Stillbirths due to Placental Abruption

 Any Exposure

159

545

1.4 (1.0–2.1)

1.7 (1.1–2.6)

 No Exposure

48

238

1.0 (---)

1.0 (---)

Exposure Categorized in Percentilesc

  > = 90th

21

55

1.9 (1.0–3.4)

1.9 (1.0–3.5)

  > 50th - < 90th

65

217

1.5 (1.0–2.3)

1.7 (1.1–2.7)

  > 0 - 50th

73

273

1.3 (0.9–2.0)

1.6 (1.0–2.6)

 0 (Referent)

48

238

1.0 (---)

1.0 (---)

Exposure Categorized by 1980 Action Leveld

  > 40 μg/L

16

30

2.6 (1.3–5.2)

2.5 (1.3–5.2)

  > 0 - < =40 μg/L

143

515

1.4 (1.0–2.0)

1.6 (1.1–2.4)

 0 (Referent)

48

238

1.0 (---)

1.0 (---)

Stillbirths Due to Placental Insufficiency

 Any Exposure

73

545

1.3 (0.8–2.1)

1.7 (1.0–3.0)

 No Exposure

25

238

1.0 (---)

1.0 (---)

Exposure Categorized in Percentilesc

  > = 90th

12

55

2.1 (1.0–4.4)

1.9 (0.9–4.2)

  > 50th - < 90th

35

217

1.5 (0.9–2.6)

1.9 (1.0–3.5)

  > 0 - 50th

26

273

0.9 (0.5–1.6)

1.4 (0.7–2.9)

 0 (Referent)

25

238

1.0 (---)

1.0 (---)

Exposure Categorized by 1980 Action Leveld

  > 40 μg/L

10

30

3.2 (1.4–7.2)

2.7 (1.2–6.5)

  > 0 - < =40 μg/L

63

515

1.2 (0.7–1.9)

1.6 (0.9–2.8)

 0 (Referent)

25

238

1.0 (---)

1.0 (---)

  1. aControlled for state of birth, delivery year, paternal educational level, receipt of prenatal care during the first trimester
  2. bNine stillbirth cases had both placental abruption and placental insufficiency
  3. cCut points for the 50th and 90th percentiles were 5.4 × 10− 3 and 4.6 × 10− 1 g, respectively
  4. dCut point for 40 μg/l was 1.14 g