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Table 3 Descriptive statistics of environmental indicators by preterm birth status in Fresno County, 2009–2012 (N = 53,843)

From: Environmental pollution and social factors as contributors to preterm birth in Fresno County

Environmental exposure

Preterm Birth

Full Term Birth

< 37 weeks (N = 4560)

≥37 weeks (N = 49,283)

Exposures Score

   Mean (SD)

64.46 (9.83)

63.53 (10.34)

   Median (IQR)

65.23 (60.15–70.14)

64.71 (58.94–69.47)

 Ozone

   Mean (SD)

0.31 (0.09)

0.31 (0.09)

   Median (IQR)

0.32 (0.27–0.37)

0.32 (0.28–0.38)

 Pesticides

   Mean (SD)

452.78 (912.72)

477.23 (965.8)

   Median (IQR)

10.33 (0.00–505.73)

10.33 (0.00–524.69)

 PM2.5

   Mean (SD)

14.18 (1.13)

14.09 (1.26)

   Median (IQR)

14.28 (13.89–14.53)

14.25 (13.83–14.51)

 Diesel PM

   Mean (SD)

25.99 (17.66)

24.92 (17.54)

   Median (IQR)

22.96 (7.93–42.94)

20.79 (7.38–41.76)

 Toxic Release

   Mean (SD)

3111.81 (9510.54)

2874.46 (9198.78)

   Median (IQR)

469.15 (272.01–1109.65)

381.64 (236.93–1037.49)

 Traffic

   Mean (SD)

692.44 (471.82)

670.75 (467.61)

   Median (IQR)

621.44 (299.40–941.13)

605.60 (267.04–929.61)

 Drinking Water

   Mean (SD)

454.91 (114.09)

453.59 (117.42)

   Median (IQR)

406.83 (406.83–513.41)

406.83 (406.83–514.09)

  Arsenic

   Mean (SD)

1.38 (2.26)

1.40 (2.24)

   Median (IQR)

0.70 (0.70–0.84)

0.70 (0.70–0.86)

  Cadmium

   Mean (SD)

0.0007 (0.0076)

0.0006 (0.0068)

   Median (IQR)

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

  1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)

   Mean (SD)

0.03 (0.02)

0.03 (0.02)

   Median (IQR)

0.03 (0.03–0.03)

0.03 (0.03–0.03)

  Hexavalent chromium

   Mean (SD)

0.27 (0.63)

0.27 (0.62)

   Median (IQR)

0.00 (0.00–0.06)

0.00 (0.00–0.07)

  Lead

   Mean (SD)

0.13 (0.40)

0.14 (0.43)

   Median (IQR)

0.00 (0.00–0.02)

0.00 (0.00–0.02)

  Nitrate

   Mean (SD)

21.36 (7.36)

21.30 (7.68)

   Median (IQR)

25.30 (16.74–25.30)

25.30 (16.71–25.30)

  Perchlorate

   Mean (SD)

0.06 (0.33)

0.06 (0.32)

   Median (IQR)

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

  Trichloroethylene (TCE)

   Mean (SD)

0.10 (0.07)

0.09 (0.07)

   Median (IQR)

0.15 (0.00–0.15)

0.15 (0.00–0.15)

  Trihalomethane (THM)

   Mean (SD)

4.53 (9.80)

5.13 (11.22)

   Median (IQR)

2.66 (0.96–2.66)

2.66 (0.96–2.66)

  Uranium

   Mean (SD)

3.38 (1.75)

3.36 (1.88)

   Median (IQR)

3.12 (3.12–3.18)

3.12 (3.12–3.17)

  Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) Violations

   Mean (SD)

0.85 (1.47)

0.85 (1.48)

   Median (IQR)

1.00 (0.00–1.00)

0.99 (0.00–1.00)

  Total coliform rule (TCR) Violations

   Mean (SD)

0.11 (0.31)

0.11 (0.32)

   Median (IQR)

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

Environmental Effects Score

   Mean (SD)

24.68 (19.50)

24.77 (19.33)

   Median (IQR)

20.15 (8.30–38.25)

20.45 (8.30–38.25)

 Cleanup Sites

   Mean (SD)

6.21 (13.05)

6.32 (13.00)

   Median (IQR)

1.00 (0.00–8.00)

1.15 (0.00–8.00)

 Groundwater Threats

   Mean (SD)

15.23 (18.67)

15.34 (18.78)

   Median (IQR)

9.56 (1.50–20.94)

9.56 (1.50–21.00)

 Hazardous Waste

   Mean (SD)

0.36 (1.07)

0.36 (1.10)

   Median (IQR)

0.05 (0.00–0.21)

0.05 (0.00–0.21)

 Imperial Water Bodies

   Mean (SD)

0.47 (1.35)

0.51 (1.36)

   Median (IQR)

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

 Solid Waste

   Mean (SD)

1.45 (2.76)

1.40 (2.76)

   Median (IQR)

0.00 (0.00–2.00)

0.00 (0.00–2.00)

Pollution Burden Score

   Mean (SD)

6.51 (1.04)

6.43 (1.07)

   Median (IQR)

6.33 (5.83–7.12)

6.24 (5.79–7.09)