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Table 6 Crude and adjusted odds ratio of preterm birth comparing above versus below the median of environmental exposure stratified by race/ethnicity in Fresno County, 2009–2012 (N = 53,843)

From: Environmental pollution and social factors as contributors to preterm birth in Fresno County

Environmental Exposure

White non-Hispanic

Non-White*, Non-Hispanic

Hispanic

<  37 weeks

≥37 weeks

cOR (95% CI)

aOR (95% CI)

<  37 weeks

≥37 weeks

cOR (95% CI)

aOR (95% CI)

<  37 weeks

≥37 weeks

cOR (95% CI)

aOR (95% CI)

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

Sample

773

9847

  

1081

9840

  

2706

29,596

  

Exposures Score

    < 50th

446 (57.7)

5952 (60.4)

Reference

Reference

363 (33.6)

3676 (37.4)

Reference

Reference

1287 (47.6)

14,833 (50.1)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

327 (42.3)

3895 (39.6)

1.11 (0.96, 1.28)

1.08 (0.93, 1.24)

718 (66.4)

6164 (62.6)

1.16 (1.02, 1.32)

1.08 (0.94, 1.22)

1419 (52.4)

14,763 (49.9)

1.10 (1.02, 1.18)

1.10 (1.02, 1.19)

 Ozone

    < 50th

298 (38.6)

3527 (35.8)

Reference

Reference

467 (43.2)

4402 (44.7)

Reference

Reference

1493 (55.2)

15,886 (53.7)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

466 (60.3)

6149 (62.5)

0.90 (0.78, 1.05)

0.90 (0.78, 1.04)

611 (56.5)

5377 (54.6)

1.06 (0.94, 1.20)

1.07 (0.95, 1.21)

1192 (44.1)

13,325 (45.0)

0.96 (0.89, 1.03)

0.97 (0.89, 1.04)

 Pesticides

    < 50th

456 (59.0)

5849 (59.4)

Reference

Reference

680 (62.9)

6035 (61.3)

Reference

Reference

1127 (41.7)

12,679 (42.8)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

317 (41.0)

3998 (40.6)

1.02 (0.88, 1.17)

1.03 (0.89, 1.19)

401 (37.1)

3805 (38.7)

0.94 (0.83, 1.07)

0.96 (0.84, 1.08)

1579 (58.4)

16,917 (57.2)

1.05 (0.97, 1.13)

1.03 (0.95, 1.11)

 PM2.5

    < 50th

526 (68.1)

7053 (71.6)

Reference

Reference

502 (46.4)

4926 (50.1)

Reference

Reference

989 (36.6)

11,714 (39.6)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

237 (30.7)

2658 (27.0)

1.18 (1.01, 1.38)

1.14 (0.97, 1.33)

558 (51.6)

4627 (47.0)

1.16 (1.03, 1.31)

1.10 (0.97, 1.24)

1591 (58.8)

16,493 (55.7)

1.13 (1.04, 1.22)

1.11 (1.02, 1.20)

 Diesel PM

    < 50th

391 (50.6)

5351 (54.3)

Reference

Reference

363 (33.6)

3891 (39.5)

Reference

Reference

1393 (51.5)

15,511 (52.4)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

382 (49.4)

4496 (45.7)

1.15 (1.00, 1.32)

1.10 (0.95, 1.27)

718 (66.4)

5949 (60.5)

1.26 (1.11, 1.43)

1.16 (1.02, 1.32)

1313 (48.5)

14,085 (47.6)

1.03 (0.96, 1.12)

1.03 (0.96, 1.12)

 Toxic Release

    < 50th

505 (65.3)

6961 (70.7)

Reference

Reference

381 (35.3)

4085 (41.5)

Reference

Reference

1164 (43.0)

13,451 (45.5)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

268 (34.7)

2886 (29.3)

1.26 (1.08, 1.46)

1.20 (1.03, 1.40)

700 (64.8)

5755 (58.5)

1.27 (1.12, 1.44)

1.17 (1.03, 1.33)

1542 (57.0)

16,145 (54.6)

1.09 (1.01, 1.18)

1.09 (1.01, 1.17)

 Traffic

    < 50th

402 (52.0)

5334 (54.2)

Reference

Reference

378 (35.0)

3960 (40.2)

Reference

Reference

1432 (52.9)

15,513 (52.4)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

371 (48.0)

4513 (45.8)

1.08 (0.94, 1.25)

1.04 (0.90, 1.20)

703 (65.0)

5880 (59.8)

1.23 (1.08, 1.39)

1.15 (1.01, 1.31)

1274 (47.1)

14,083 (47.60

0.98 (0.91, 1.06)

0.99 (0.91, 1.07)

 Drinking Water

    < 50th

158 (20.4)

1953 (19.8)

Reference

Reference

98 (9.1)

980 (10.0)

Reference

Reference

289 (10.7)

3643 (12.3)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

615 (79.6)

7894 (80.2)

0.97 (0.81, 1.15)

0.95 (0.80, 1.13)

983 (90.9)

8860 (90.0)

1.10 (0.89, 1.35)

1.00 (0.81, 1.24)

2417 (89.3)

25,953 (87.7)

1.16 (1.03, 1.31)

1.15 (1.02, 1.30)

  Arsenic

    < 50th

225 (29.1)

2843 (28.9)

Reference

Reference

130 (12.0)

1471 (15.0)

Reference

Reference

372 (13.8)

4383 (14.8)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

548 (70.9)

7004 (71.3)

0.99 (0.85, 1.16)

0.97 (0.83, 1.14)

951 (88.0)

8369 (85.1)

1.26 (1.05, 1.51)

1.13 (0.94, 1.36)

2334 (86.3)

25,213 (85.2)

1.08 (0.97, 1.21)

1.07 (0.96, 1.19)

  Cadmium

    < 50th

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

773 (100.0)

9847 (100.0)

NC

NC

1081 (100.0)

9840 (100.0)

NC

NC

2706 (100.0)

29,596 (100.0)

NC

NC

  1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)

    < 50th

249 (32.2)

3094 (31.4)

Reference

Reference

313 (39.0)

2891 (29.4)

Reference

Reference

1021 (37.7)

11,039 (37.3)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

518 (67.0)

6640 (67.4)

0.97 (0.84, 1.13)

0.97 (0.83, 1.13)

766 (70.9)

6909 (70.2)

1.02 (0.90, 1.17)

1.00 (0.87, 1.14)

1664 (61.5)

18,183 (61.4)

0.99 (0.92, 1.07)

1.00 (0.92, 1.08)

  Hexavalent Chromium

    < 50th

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

773 (100.0)

9847 (100.0)

NC

NC

1081 (100.0)

9840 (100.0)

NC

NC

2706 (100.0)

29,596 (100.0)

NC

NC

  Lead

    < 50th

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

773 (100.0)

9847 (100.0)

NC

NC

1081 (100.0)

9840 (100.0)

NC

NC

2706 (100.0)

29,596 (100.0)

NC

NC

  Nitrate

    < 50th

444 (57.4)

5792 (58.8)

Reference

Reference

430 (39.8)

4435 (45.1)

Reference

Reference

1371 (50.7)

14,513 (49.0)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

329 (42.6)

4055 (41.2)

1.05 (0.91, 1.22)

1.02 (0.89, 1.18)

651 (60.2)

5405 (54.9)

1.22 (1.08, 1.37)

1.12 (1.00, 1.27)

1335 (49.3)

15,083 (51.0)

0.94 (0.87, 1.02)

0.94 (0.87, 1.01)

  Perchlorate

    < 50th

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

773 (100.0)

9847 (100.0)

NC

NC

1081 (100.0)

9840 (100.0)

NC

NC

2706 (100.0)

29,596 (100.0)

NC

NC

  Trichloroethylene (TCE)

    < 50th

434 (556.1)

5472 (55.6)

Reference

Reference

387 (35.8)

3949 (40.1)

Reference

Reference

1397 (51.6)

15,300 (51.7)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

339 (43.9)

4375 (44.4)

0.98 (0.85, 1.13)

0.95 (0.82, 1.10)

694 (64.2)

5891 (59.9)

1.18 (1.04, 1.34)

1.07 (0.94, 1.22)

1309 (48.4)

14,296 (48.3)

1.00 (0.93, 1.08)

1.00 (0.93, 1.08)

  Trihalomethane (THM)

    < 50th

303 (39.2)

3904 (39.7)

Reference

Reference

389 (36.0)

3591 (36.5)

Reference

Reference

1312 (48.5)

13,936 (47.1)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

470 (60.8)

5943 (60.4)

1.02 (0.88, 1.18)

1.01 (0.87, 1.16)

692 (64.0)

6249 (63.5)

1.02 (0.90, 1.15)

0.98 (0.86, 1.11)

1394 (51.5)

15,660 (52.9)

0.95 (0.88, 1.02)

0.95 (0.88, 1.02)

  Uranium

    < 50th

121 (15.7)

1781 (18.1)

Reference

Reference

130 (12.0)

1304 (13.3)

Reference

Reference

530 (19.6)

6251 (21.1)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

584 (75.6)

7293 (74.1)

1.17 (0.96, 1.42)

1.17 (0.96, 1.42)

931 (86.1)

8222 (83.6)

1.12 (0.93, 1.35)

1.07 (0.89, 1.29)

2132 (78.8)

22,896 (77.4)

1.09 (0.99, 1.20)

1.10 (1.00, 1.21)

  Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)Violations

    < 50th

451 (58.3)

5704 (57.9)

Reference

Reference

429 (39.7)

4234 (43.0)

Reference

Reference

1357 (50.2)

14,637 (49.5)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

322 (41.7)

4143 (42.1)

0.98 (0.85, 1.14)

0.95 (0.83, 1.11)

652 (60.3)

5606 (57.0)

1.13 (1.00, 1.28)

1.03 (0.91, 1.17)

1349 (49.9)

14,959 (50.5)

0.98 (0.90, 1.05)

0.97 (0.90, 1.04)

  Total coliform rule (TCR) Violations

    < 50th

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

773 (100.0)

9847 (100.0)

NC

NC

1081 (100.0)

9840 (100.0)

NC

NC

2706 (100.0)

29,596 (100.0)

NC

NC

Environmental Effects Score

    < 50th

444 (57.4)

5779 (58.7)

Reference

Reference

643 (59.5)

5668 (57.6)

Reference

Reference

1203 (44.5)

13,007 (44.0)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

329 (42.6)

4068 (41.3)

1.05 (0.91, 1.21)

1.04 (0.90, 1.20)

438 (40.5)

4172 (42.4)

0.93 (0.83, 1.05)

0.92 (0.81, 1.04)

1503 (55.5)

16,589 (56.1)

0.98 (0.91, 1.06)

0.97 (0.89, 1.04)

 Cleanup Sites

    < 50th

404 (52.3)

5228 (53.1)

Reference

Reference

584 (54.1)

5144 (52.3)

Reference

Reference

1318 (48.7)

14,232 (48.1)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

369 (47.7)

4619 (46.9)

1.03 (0.90, 1.19)

1.03 (0.90, 1.19)

496 (45.9)

4696 (47.7)

0.94 (0.83, 1.05)

0.93 (0.83, 1.05)

1388 (51.3)

15,364 (51.9)

0.98 (0.91, 1.05)

0.97 (0.90, 1.05)

 Groundwater Threats

    < 50th

440 (56.9)

5861 (59.5)

Reference

Reference

619 (57.3)

5456 (55.5)

Reference

Reference

1204 (44.5)

13,290 (44.9)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

333 (43.1)

3986 (40.5)

1.10 (0.96, 1.27)

1.09 (0.95, 1.26)

462 (42.7)

4384 (44.6)

0.94 (0.83, 1.06)

0.92 (0.81, 1.04)

1502 (55.5)

16,306 (55.1)

1.02 (0.94, 1.10)

1.00 (0.93, 1.08)

 Hazardous Waste

    < 50th

437 (56.5)

5951 (60.4)

Reference

Reference

592 (54.8)

5170 (52.5)

Reference

Reference

1234 (45.6)

13,504 (45.6)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

336 (43.5)

3896 (39.6)

1.16 (1.01, 1.34)

1.12 (0.97, 1.30)

489 (45.2)

4670 (47.5)

0.92 (0.82, 1.04)

0.90 (0.80, 1.02)

1472 (54.4)

16,092 (54.4)

1.00 (0.93, 1.08)

1.00 (0.92, 1.07)

 Impaired Water Bodies

    < 50th

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

773 (100.0)

9847 (100.0)

NC

NC

1081 (100.0)

9840 (100.0)

NC

NC

2706 (100.0)

29,596 (100.0)

NC

NC

 Solid Waste

    < 50th

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

773 (100.0)

9847 (100.0)

NC

NC

1081 (100.0)

9840 (100.0)

NC

NC

2706 (100.0)

29,596 (100.0)

NC

NC

Pollution Burden Score

    < 50th

474 (61.3)

6263 (63.6)

Reference

Reference

515 (47.6)

4827 (49.1)

Reference

Reference

1218 (45.0)

13,593 (45.9)

Reference

Reference

    ≥ 50th

299 (38.7)

3584 (36.4)

1.09 (0.95, 1.26)

1.08 (0.93, 1.25)

566 (52.4)

5013 (51.0)

1.05 (0.93, 1.19)

1.00 (0.98, 1.12)

1488 (55.0)

16,003 (54.1)

1.03 (0.96, 1.12)

1.03 (0.95, 1.11)

  1. NC Not Calculated, cOR crude odds ratio, aOR adjusted odds ratio
  2. *Asian, African-American, Other
  3. Adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, age, education, payment for delivery