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Table 2 Distribution of selected characteristics of cases and controls

From: Modeled exposure to tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and the occurrence of birth defects: a case-control study from Massachusetts and Rhode Island

Characteristic

CNS Cases (N = 268)

Oral Clef Cases (N = 112)

Hypospadias Cases (N = 94)

All Controls (N = 771)

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

Maternal residence at delivery

 Massachusetts

167

62.3

85

75.9

81

86.2

436

56.5

 Rhode Island

101

37.7

27

24.1

13

13.8

335

43.5

Infant year of birth

 1969–1978

98

36.6

20

17.9

14

14.9

275

35.7

 1979–1988

88

32.8

45

40.2

27

28.7

290

37.6

 1989–1995

82

30.6

47

42.0

53

56.4

206

26.7

Infant gender

 Male

131

49.4

65

58.0

94

100

408

52.9

 Female

134

50.6

47

42.0

363

47.1

 Missing

3

       

Maternal age at delivery (mean, sd)

26.3 (6.1)

 

27.8 (5.3)

 

29.3 (5.2)

 

27.0 (5.4)

 

 Missing

3

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

Paternal age at delivery (mean, sd)

29.3 (6.3)

 

30.8 (5.8)

 

31.7 (6.2)

 

29.8 (6.1)

 

 Missing

30

 

11

 

0

 

34

 

Maternal race

 White

201

90.5

94

92.2

86

96.6

613

90.1

 Non-White

21

9.5

8

7.8

3

3.4

67

9.9

 Missing

46

 

10

 

5

 

91

 

Maternal educational level

  < High school

36

16.7

10

9.9

7

7.9

96

14.3

 High school graduate

104

48.1

42

41.6

26

29.2

244

36.4

 Some college

36

16.7

32

31.7

26

29.2

172

25.7

 College graduate

40

18.5

17

16.8

30

33.7

158

23.6

 Missing

52

 

11

 

5

 

101

 

Prenatal care began in first trimester

 Yes

162

84.4

89

89.9

85

97.7

473

87.9

 No

30

15.6

10

10.1

2

2.2

65

12.1

 Missing

76

 

13

 

7

 

233

 

Prenatal cigarette smoking

 Yes

29

21.8

21

31.8

12

15.6

70

24.3

 No

104

78.2

45

68.2

65

84.4

218

75.7

 Missing

135

 

46

 

17

  

483

Prenatal alcoholic beverage consumption

 Yes

19

23.8

19

51.4

9

29.0

69

35.6

 No

61

76.3

18

48.6

22

71.0

125

64.4

 Missing

188

 

75

 

63

 

577

 

Number of prior livebirths

 0

91

41.4

38

37.3

43

47.8

296

43.8

 1

68

30.9

36

35.3

28

31.1

217

32.1

 2+

61

27.7

28

27.5

19

21.1

163

24.1

 Missing

48

 

10

 

4

 

95

 

Possible maternal exposure to solvents in workplacea

 Yes

2

2.5

5

13.9

1

3.1

4

2.1

 No

79

97.5

31

86.1

31

96.9

185

97.9

 Missing

187

 

76

 

62

 

582

 
  1. aAscertained from a series of questions on jobs and job activities that typically involve solvent exposure (e.g., metal degreasing)