Characteristic | CNS Cases (N = 268) | Oral Clef Cases (N = 112) | Hypospadias Cases (N = 94) | All Controls (N = 771) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Maternal residence at delivery | ||||||||
Massachusetts | 167 | 62.3 | 85 | 75.9 | 81 | 86.2 | 436 | 56.5 |
Rhode Island | 101 | 37.7 | 27 | 24.1 | 13 | 13.8 | 335 | 43.5 |
Infant year of birth | ||||||||
1969–1978 | 98 | 36.6 | 20 | 17.9 | 14 | 14.9 | 275 | 35.7 |
1979–1988 | 88 | 32.8 | 45 | 40.2 | 27 | 28.7 | 290 | 37.6 |
1989–1995 | 82 | 30.6 | 47 | 42.0 | 53 | 56.4 | 206 | 26.7 |
Infant gender | ||||||||
Male | 131 | 49.4 | 65 | 58.0 | 94 | 100 | 408 | 52.9 |
Female | 134 | 50.6 | 47 | 42.0 | – | – | 363 | 47.1 |
Missing | 3 | |||||||
Maternal age at delivery (mean, sd) | 26.3 (6.1) | 27.8 (5.3) | 29.3 (5.2) | 27.0 (5.4) | ||||
Missing | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Paternal age at delivery (mean, sd) | 29.3 (6.3) | 30.8 (5.8) | 31.7 (6.2) | 29.8 (6.1) | ||||
Missing | 30 | 11 | 0 | 34 | ||||
Maternal race | ||||||||
White | 201 | 90.5 | 94 | 92.2 | 86 | 96.6 | 613 | 90.1 |
Non-White | 21 | 9.5 | 8 | 7.8 | 3 | 3.4 | 67 | 9.9 |
Missing | 46 | 10 | 5 | 91 | ||||
Maternal educational level | ||||||||
< High school | 36 | 16.7 | 10 | 9.9 | 7 | 7.9 | 96 | 14.3 |
High school graduate | 104 | 48.1 | 42 | 41.6 | 26 | 29.2 | 244 | 36.4 |
Some college | 36 | 16.7 | 32 | 31.7 | 26 | 29.2 | 172 | 25.7 |
College graduate | 40 | 18.5 | 17 | 16.8 | 30 | 33.7 | 158 | 23.6 |
Missing | 52 | 11 | 5 | 101 | ||||
Prenatal care began in first trimester | ||||||||
Yes | 162 | 84.4 | 89 | 89.9 | 85 | 97.7 | 473 | 87.9 |
No | 30 | 15.6 | 10 | 10.1 | 2 | 2.2 | 65 | 12.1 |
Missing | 76 | 13 | 7 | 233 | ||||
Prenatal cigarette smoking | ||||||||
Yes | 29 | 21.8 | 21 | 31.8 | 12 | 15.6 | 70 | 24.3 |
No | 104 | 78.2 | 45 | 68.2 | 65 | 84.4 | 218 | 75.7 |
Missing | 135 | 46 | 17 | 483 | ||||
Prenatal alcoholic beverage consumption | ||||||||
Yes | 19 | 23.8 | 19 | 51.4 | 9 | 29.0 | 69 | 35.6 |
No | 61 | 76.3 | 18 | 48.6 | 22 | 71.0 | 125 | 64.4 |
Missing | 188 | 75 | 63 | 577 | ||||
Number of prior livebirths | ||||||||
0 | 91 | 41.4 | 38 | 37.3 | 43 | 47.8 | 296 | 43.8 |
1 | 68 | 30.9 | 36 | 35.3 | 28 | 31.1 | 217 | 32.1 |
2+ | 61 | 27.7 | 28 | 27.5 | 19 | 21.1 | 163 | 24.1 |
Missing | 48 | 10 | 4 | 95 | ||||
Possible maternal exposure to solvents in workplacea | ||||||||
Yes | 2 | 2.5 | 5 | 13.9 | 1 | 3.1 | 4 | 2.1 |
No | 79 | 97.5 | 31 | 86.1 | 31 | 96.9 | 185 | 97.9 |
Missing | 187 | 76 | 62 | 582 |